4.10

• How has global awareness increased?

  Instant news from rolling broadcasts (e.g. 2011 tsunami, 2022 Ukraine invasion, Covid) has created a "global conscience." Events like the Arab Spring showed rising human rights activism.
• What is the issue with global supply chains?

  They meet HIC demand year-round (e.g. UK buying Kenyan crops), but LICs like Kenya may grow cash crops for export instead of feeding their own people.
• What is an ecological footprint?

  The land/water needed to produce the goods a population consumes. At UK levels, the world would need 3.1 Earths. Globally, we’ll need 2 Earths by 2050.
• What is the Transition Town movement?

  Started in Totnes, Devon. Promotes local sourcing, reuse, and carbon reduction. £10 spent locally = £23 to the economy. Difficult to implement in big cities, but projects like Brixton Energy help.
• What does Fairtrade aim to do?

  Return more profit to producers, ensuring fair wages and ethical production. Works against WTO free trade rules that benefit big businesses.
• What is ethical shopping?

  Buying fairtrade, organic or cruelty-free products. M&S sells only fairtrade tea/coffee. Organic uses more land, but fewer chemicals. Local food = fewer food miles.
• What are the pros and cons of ethical shopping?

  Pros: Helps local economy, reduces carbon.Cons: Organic farming uses more land. Fairtrade may encourage overproduction. Cash crops can reduce local food supply.
• How has waste management improved in Europe?

  2021: 49% of household waste recycled (was 25% in 1990s). Landfill use dropped to 8% (was 79% in 2000). Incineration rose to 47% (was 24% in 2000)
• What is the EU Circular Economy Action Plan (2030)?

  Aims to: Halve non-recycled waste (from 113m to 56m tonnes). Recycle 60% of waste. Extend product lifespan and reduce packaging