4.8

• Has globalisation closed or widened the development gap?

  Globalisation has boosted trade and GDP worldwide, but it’s widened the development gap. For example, China’s richest 1% now own a third of its wealth, showing how uneven the benefits can be
• What’s the difference between GNI and GDP?

  GNI includes all income earned by a country's people, including overseas, while GDP only counts what’s made inside the country’s borders.
• What is Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)?

  PPP compares what people can buy locally with their income, giving a better picture of real living standards than just raw earnings.
• How do economic sectors reflect a country's development?

  LICs rely heavily on the primary sector (e.g. farming), while HICs earn more from the secondary and especially tertiary sectors. For example, Malawi's primary sector is 30% of its GNI, while the UK's is just 0.6%.
• What does the Human Development Index (HDI) measure?

  HDI combines life expectancy, education levels, and GDP per capita into a number between 0 and 1 to show quality of life and development.
• What indicators does the Gender Development Index look at?

  It measures reproductive health (e.g. fertility rates), empowerment (e.g. women in politics), and access to education and employment for women.
• How do female development levels vary globally?

  Countries like the UK have had 3 female PMs, while in Afghanistan, women are banned from school and public life. In South Sudan, 75% of girls don’t finish primary school.
• What is an Environmental Quality Index?

  It measures air pollution as an indicator of development. Air quality often worsens as countries industrialise, making comparisons tricky because countries measure it differently
• What does the Gini Index show?

  It measures income inequality. A lower score means more equality; a higher score means a bigger gap between rich and poor. Only one-third of countries publish it.
• What does China’s Gini Index and development pattern show?

  China’s Gini score was 47 in 2010, showing growing inequality. Coastal cities are wealthier, while inland regions like the west are poorer. Places like Chongqing have gained economically, but suffer from pollution and poor air quality.