4.5

• What is meant by the “global shift”?

  The movement of manufacturing from Europe and the USA to Asia, which began in the 1970s–80s, driven by open market policies, outsourcing by TNCs, and increased FDI in Asia.
• What factors accelerated the global shift?

  Asian countries adopted open-door policies. TNCs searched for new manufacturing and service locations. FDI flowed into emerging Asian economies
• By 2013, how had global trade patterns shifted?

  The value of two-way trade between the USA and Asia was nearly double that of USA–Europe trade, highlighting Asia’s growing role in global commerce.
• How has China’s infrastructure improved due to the global shift?

  World’s largest highway system. 250 airports (82 added since 2000). 100,000km rail network, including the world’s longest high-speed rail and fastest train (Shanghai Maglev, 268mph)
• How has poverty changed in China due to industrial growth?

  Urban middle class grew to 707 million by 2018. 680 million lifted out of poverty (1981–2010). Extreme poverty fell from 84% in 1980 to 10% in 2016. Still, 20% earn less than $2 a day
• What has happened to urban incomes in China?

  Urban wages rising 10% annually since 2005. Big inequality gap: in 2013, the poorest 20% earned £412 while the richest 20% earned over £9,000
• What are the consequences of unplanned urban settlements?

  Rapid demand for housing raised land prices. Illegal expansions (e.g., renting upper floors). Farmland used for housing without legal permission
• How has land degradation affected China?

  Only 6.4% of world’s land but home to 22% of population. 40% of farmland degraded by erosion or acidification
• What pollution/health problems has China faced?

  70% of rivers/lakes polluted; some unfit for agriculture. 360 million people lack safe drinking water. Air pollution causes ~4,400 deaths daily; 1/3 of population breathes unsafe air
• What was Leicester’s textile industry like before decline?

  1920s: 30,000 workers in textile mills. 1960s: single factories employed thousands. Indian and Pakistani migrants settled in areas like Spinney Hills for work
• What caused Leicester’s industrial decline?

  Overseas competition in the 1970s meant cheaper imports. Deindustrialisation followed, and by 2015 only 12% of M&S clothes were UK-made
• What were the effects of deindustrialisation in Leicester?

  Derelict/contaminated industrial land (e.g., from dyes and coal waste). High unemployment, depopulation, and deprivation in inner city wards. Rise in crime (esp. property/anti-social behaviour), though this declined after 2000 due to regeneration and gentrification