4.1

• What is globalisation?

  The process where people, culture, finance, goods, and information move across borders with fewer barriers.
• How has globalisation changed over time?

  Once focused on raw materials and labour, it now includes flows of people, capital, culture, and information due to technology
• What is time-space compression?

  The idea that improved communication and transport have reduced the time it takes to trade and communicate across distances.
• Who are the key players in globalisation?

  Decision-makers (e.g. North America, Europe, Japan), manufacturers (China, India, East Asia), and outsourcing locations (e.g. Vietnam, Bangladesh).
• What is the financial impact of globalisation?

  TNCs spread global capitalism by producing goods cheaply in developing countries for wealthier consumers.
• How does globalisation affect politics?

  TNCs and media companies influence opinions; international organisations encourage trade liberalisation by reducing barriers.
• How is globalisation linked to migration?

  Skilled workers move to where their skills are in demand; economic migrants move to wealthier areas for better pay.
• How has communication changed under globalisation?

  Fast fibre-optic networks and global mobile systems enable instant information exchange across the globe.
• What is meant by a ‘throwaway society’?

  A culture of cheap, disposable goods driven by low costs and fast consumption, often ignoring human and environmental impacts.
• How does Amazon demonstrate globalisation?

  As an e-tailer, it uses global networks for fast delivery, borderless retail, global tax challenges, and international warehouses.
• What is the ‘race to the bottom’ in global trade?

  The drive to produce goods ever more cheaply, often at the cost of fair wages, environmental standards, and product quality.