5.4

• How does international migration affect the cultural and ethnic composition of countries?

  Migration can significantly change a country's cultural and ethnic makeup, depending on how quickly and fully migrants assimilate into the host nation. Assimilation levels vary within and between countries; for example, ethnic segregation still exists in South Africa decades after apartheid. In Western nations, segregation is often due to economic and cultural factors.
• What are ethnic enclaves, and how do they develop?

  Ethnic enclaves are areas where specific cultural or ethnic groups live closely together. These develop as migrants settle in particular locations, often close to employment (e.g. West Indians near London bus garages). Over time, communities like Hindus and Sikhs in Southall build cultural infrastructure—such as shops and places of worship—that help maintain distinct identities, even as they integrate economically.
• What factors influence migrants' ability to enter and settle in other countries?

  Entry is often based on skill level, border controls, and whether family members are already settled in the destination country. For example, Australia uses a points-based system where migrants need at least 65 points, which are awarded for age, qualifications, English ability, and job offers.
• What risks and costs do migrants face when moving illegally?

  Illegal migration can be dangerous and costly. For instance, Mexican migrants may pay smugglers $4,000–$10,000 to cross into the US, while migrants from North Africa and Syria are often exploited by organised crime networks operating through Africa and Central Europe.
• Why has Japan remained largely closed to immigration, and what are the consequences?

  Japan's population is ageing and shrinking, putting strain on the economy and healthcare system. However, only 1.63% of its population is foreign-born due to a strong cultural belief in homogeneity and a fear that migrants could disrupt social harmony and cooperation. This aversion limits potential solutions to demographic and labour challenges.
• How has Mexican migration to the USA evolved, and what political responses has it triggered?

  Mexican migration began in the 1920s and surged from the 1970s onward, both legally and illegally. By 2015, 11.7 million Mexicans lived in the US, though this fell by 20% by 2020 under Trump. His proposed border wall was supported by 45% of US voters; 640km was built. Biden halted construction, but migration remained high—about 150,000 per month between 2021–23. In towns like Eagle Pass, local officials used containers and fences to deter crossings, though many Americans believe focus should shift to supporting migrants already living in the US.