5.2

• How does labour movement differ nationally vs internationally?

  Nationally, people move from rural areas to industrial cities; internationally, skilled individuals move more freely between countries.
• What has fuelled China's rapid urbanisation?

  Internal rural-to-urban migration driven by industrialisation.
• What was the change in China's urban population from 1980 to 2012?

  From 20% urban in 1980 to 51% urban in 2012.
• What is the hukou system and its effect?

  A registration system that restricts migration and creates unequal life chances.
• What is the Schengen Agreement and when was it signed?

  A 1985 agreement that abolished many internal border controls in the EU.
• What are the benefits and downsides of the Schengen area?

  Easier job access and labour movement, but also lower wages and potential for criminal movement.
• What happened in 2016 regarding Schengen borders?

  6 countries, including France and Germany, temporarily reinstated border controls.
• How large is the Schengen area today?

  Over 4 million km², nearly 420 million people, 29 countries (25 EU + 4 EFTA members).
• How many international migrants were there in 2020, and what percent were female?

  281 million migrants, 48% female.
• How much did international remittances grow between 2000 and 2022?

  Increased by 650%, from $128 billion to $831 billion.
• What role did South Asian immigrants play in Qatar?

  30,000 helped build infrastructure for the World Cup.
• What causes variation in migration between countries?

  Different policies and attitudes towards immigration and roles in the global economy.
• What is Japan's demographic issue and median age?

  Ageing population (27% over 65); median age is 48.
• How has Japan responded to labour shortages?

  Introduced digital nomad and skilled worker visas (cap: 800,000 over 5 years).
• How has Japan’s foreign population changed from 2000 to 2023?

  From 1.34% to 2.7% of the population (3.4 million people).
• What are the two main visa types in Australia's immigration program?

  Permanent (mainly skilled) and temporary (mainly higher education).
• How significant is immigration to Australia’s population?

  30.7% born overseas; migration accounts for 83% of population growth.
• What are the UK’s two main sources of international migrants?

  The Commonwealth and the EU.
• What was notable about the UK’s net migration in 2023?

  It was unusually high at 685,000, mainly from the EU.
• What were the top 5 countries of origin for UK foreign-born residents (2021/22)?

  India (9%), Poland (8%), Pakistan (6%), Romania (5%), Ireland (4%).