2.9

• What was the goal of Indonesia’s 2011 forest moratorium, and how effective was it?

  It aimed to reduce deforestation by halting new permits for primary forests and peatland. By 2013, emissions fell 1–2.5%, but illegal logging persisted and clearance only dropped by 15%.
• How has palm oil production impacted rainforests and local communities?

  It has released carbon, destroyed biodiversity, and displaced indigenous people who rely on forests for shelter, food, and livelihood.
• How much forest was lost or gained globally between 2010 and 2015?

  7.6 million hectares were lost each year, 4.3 million were gained — a net loss of 3.3 million hectares per year.
• How have forest trends differed between temperate and tropical zones?

  Temperate forests (mostly in HICs) are increasing, while tropical forests (mostly in LICs) are decreasing.
• How are China and Brazil responding to deforestation?

  China aimed to increase forest area by 23% (2015–2020). Brazil halved deforestation rates since 2000.
• What climate changes have been recorded in Yukon over the past 50 years?

  Average temperatures rose by 2.3°C, precipitation increased 6%, and glaciers lost 25% of their area.
• How is climate change altering Yukon’s water cycle?

  Snowmelt starts earlier, snow cover is reducing, permafrost is thawing (increasing groundwater), and peak river flows now occur sooner.
• What ecosystem impacts are increasing in Yukon due to warming?

  More frequent and widespread forest/tundra fires, and faster sea ice melt — faster than anywhere else.
• How are global precipitation patterns predicted to change with warming?

  Wet areas will get wetter, dry areas drier. Storm tracks will shift toward the poles, and extreme weather will become more common.
• What are the consequences of mangrove loss on coastlines and ecosystems?

  Mangrove loss (50% since 1950) increases coastal erosion, weakens storm protection, and reduces fish nurseries.
• How is climate change threatening marine food webs?

  Cold-water plankton and Arctic krill are declining, affecting cod and whales. Ocean warming and acidification also threaten coral reefs and fisheries.
• How does ocean degradation affect tourism and coastal communities?

  Coral bleaching and pollution reduce tourism income and food supply for 520 million people dependent on the sea.