2.5

• What is the global trend in energy consumption?

  It continues to rise as more countries develop economically.
• What is a primary energy source?

  Energy used in its raw form, e.g., coal, oil, gas, solar, wind.
• What is a secondary energy source?

  Energy generated from primary sources, like electricity.
• What are recyclable energy sources?

  Reprocessed uranium, plutonium from nuclear power, and recovered heat.
• What does it mean to be energy secure or insecure?

  Secure = energy surplus (e.g., Russia); Insecure = energy deficit (e.g., UK, due to declining North Sea oil/gas).
• What shift occurred in the UK energy mix post-1970s?

  Use of North Sea oil and gas.
• What’s Norway’s main energy source?

  Hydroelectric power (HEP).
• Why was North Sea oil considered secure for the UK?

  It was an alternative to expensive Middle Eastern oil.
• What % of Norway’s renewable electricity comes from HEP?

  96%.
• What made oil/gas extraction in deep waters possible?

  Advanced drilling technology (used by both UK and Norway).
• Why is the UK’s energy security under pressure?

  Reliance on imports and decisions made by foreign-owned energy companies.
• What is Norway's approach to energy governance?

  Prevents foreign ownership of energy sites and invests fossil fuel profits in a national wealth fund.
• What are the UK's carbon emissions trends?

  7.13 tonnes per capita in 2015 (down from 11.5 in 1980).
• What do energy TNCs do?

  Explore, extract, distribute, and invest in energy infrastructure.
• Give examples of old and new energy TNCs.

  Old: BP, Shell, Mobil.New: PetroChina, Reliance (India), Petrobras (Brazil).
• What is OPEC’s goal?

  To coordinate and stabilize global petroleum markets among member countries.
• How did OPEC impact oil prices (2012–2016)?

  Maintained high output to keep prices low and compete with US fracking.
• What role do national governments play in energy?

  Ensure supply, support economy, regulate companies, and meet climate targets.
• Give an example of state-backed energy involvement.

  EDF (France) and China General Nuclear investing in UK nuclear plants.
• Why is energy expansion controversial?

  Fracking and nuclear energy often lead to public protests.