Formation of polynucleotides

• What is released during the formation of a phosphodiester bond?

  Water
• What are the nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA?

  DNA:

  • Adenine (A)
  • Guanine (G)
  • Cytosine (C)
  • Thymine (T)

  
  

  RNA:

  • Adenine (A)
  • Guanine (G)
  • Cytosine (C)
  • Uracil (U)
• What type of sugar is found in RNA nucleotides?

  Ribose
• How does the condensation polymerization reaction differ from other types of polymerization reactions?

  It involves the release of a small molecule (water) as a byproduct, unlike addition polymerization
• What are the main steps in the condensation polymerization reaction?

  1. Hexanedioic acid and ethane diol react to form an ester link
  2. Water is released as a byproduct
  3. The reaction continues to form a polyester polymer
• What is the significance of the phosphodiester bond in DNA structure?

  • Creates the sugar-phosphate backbone
  • Supports the DNA double helix structure
• What attaches to the 1' carbon of the pentose sugar in a nucleotide?

  Nitrogenous Base
• What is attached to the 5' carbon of the pentose sugar in a nucleotide?

  Phosphate Group
• How do the components of a nucleotide contribute to its structure?

  They form the basic structure of nucleotides
• What is the name of the bond shown in the image?

  Phosphodiester bond
• What is a nucleotide?

  Building block of DNA and RNA
• What components are involved in a phosphodiester bond?

  Phosphate group and sugar group
• What type of sugar is found in DNA nucleotides?

  Deoxyribose
• What is the purpose of the phosphodiester bond in DNA?

  It links the sugar and phosphate groups to form the DNA backbone
• What is a phosphodiester bond?

  A covalent linkage between two nucleotides
• What is the direction of the phosphodiester bond in DNA?

  5' to 3'
• How does the structure of the phosphodiester bond contribute to the overall structure and function of DNA?

  • Provides structural stability to the DNA molecule
  • Allows for the formation of the double helix structure
  • Facilitates the storage and transmission of genetic information
• Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not in DNA?

  Uracil (U)
• What type of bonds are formed during condensation polymerization?

  Phosphodiester bonds
• How is a phosphodiester bond formed?

  The phosphate group joins with the sugar group
• What are the two reactants in the condensation polymerization reaction shown?

  Hexanedioic acid and ethane diol
• What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

  • Phosphate Group
  • Pentose Sugar
  • Nitrogenous Base
• What is the purpose of the condensation polymerization reaction?

  To form a polyester polymer
• What role does the sugar-phosphate backbone play in DNA?

  It supports the DNA double helix structure
• What is the purpose of the ester link formed in the polymerization reaction?

  • The ester link connects the monomers together to form the polyester polymer
  • It provides structural stability and strength to the polymer
• What is the process called when monomers join together by forming bonds and releasing water?

  Condensation polymerization
• What are the two ends of a polynucleotide chain called?

  5' end and 3' end
• What is the overall process of condensation polymerization?

  • Monomers join together
  • Phosphodiester bonds are formed
  • Water ($H_{2}O$) is released
  • Phosphate group reacts with hydroxyl group (OH)
  • Longer polymer chains are created
• What happens as more monomers join during condensation polymerization?

  A longer polymer chain forms
• Why is the directionality of polynucleotide synthesis crucial?

  For accurate copying and expression of genetic information
• Why is knowing the 5' and 3' ends important?

  It helps decode genetic information
• What is attached to the 3' end of a polynucleotide?

  A hydroxyl group
• What is the role of DNA polymerase or RNA polymerase in polynucleotide synthesis?

  • Adds a new nucleotide to the 3' end
  • Forms a phosphodiester bond
  • Connects phosphate group of new nucleotide to hydroxyl group of existing nucleotide
• What are the key differences between the 5' and 3' ends of a polynucleotide?

  • 5' End:
  • Terminal Group: Phosphate group
  • Carbon Attachment: 5' carbon
  • Significance: Starting point of DNA sequences
  • 3' End:
  • Terminal Group: Hydroxyl group
  • Carbon Attachment: 3' carbon
  • Significance: Finishing point of DNA sequences
• In which direction are DNA and RNA synthesized?

  5' to 3' direction
• What does directionality in polynucleotide synthesis refer to?

  Adding nucleotides to the 3' end
• What is released during condensation polymerization?

  Water ($H_{2}O$)
• What is formed between the new nucleotide and the existing sugar-phosphate backbone during synthesis?

  A phosphodiester bond
• How do enzymes interact with DNA in relation to the 5' and 3' ends?

  They interact based on the ends' orientation
• How does the phosphate group of one nucleotide interact with another during condensation polymerization?

  It reacts with the hydroxyl group (OH) of another