4 Solutions

• A solution is a mixture of two or more substances in a single phase where one component is usually regarded as the solvent and the other as solutes.
• Solute is the part of a solution that is being dissolved, usually the lesser amount.
• Solvent is the part of a solution that dissolves the solute, usually the greater amount.
• Solution is formed by the combination of solute and solvent.
• Miscible liquids dissolve in each other in any proportion, like water and alcohol.
• Partially miscible liquids form a single phase when mixed in certain proportions but form two phases when mixed in different proportions, like benzene and water.
• Negative catalysts retard the rate of the reaction.
• Concentration can apply to any sort of chemical mixture, but most frequently the concept is limited to homogenous solutions, where it refers to the amount of solute in a substance.
• Concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance.
• Some catalysts form an intermediated product with one of the reactants while others are only contact catalysts.
• The more molecules in a definite volume, the greater will be the speed of reaction.
• Immiscible liquids are insoluble in each other, like water and mercury.
• Saturated solution contains the maximum quantity of solute that dissolves at that temperature.
• Unsaturated solution contains less than the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a particular temperature.
• Supersaturated solutions contain more solute than a solvent can dissolve at a given temperature, these solutions are unstable and need to be warmed so that the solvent will dissolve more, then cooled.
• Exothermic solution evolves heat during its formation, when the components of this solution are mixed, the solution becomes hot, like NaOH in water.
• Endothermic solution absorbs heat during its formation, when the components of this solution are mixed, the solution becomes cold.
• Dilute solution contains a relatively small amount of solute.
• Concentrated solution contains a relatively large amount of solute.
• Colligative properties are determined by the number of particles in solution rather than the type of particles.
• When a solution undergoes osmosis, the water level rises, indicating a greater concentration of solute to lower concentration of solvent.
• This phenomenon happens whenever a non-volatile solute, such as salt, is added to a pure solvent, such as water.
• Particles in a solution pass through filters.
• Vapor pressure, boiling point, freezing point, and osmotic pressure are colligative properties.
• Boiling point of a liquid is the water temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding.
• Boiling point elevation describes the phenomenon that the boiling point of a liquid (a solvent) will be higher when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a higher boiling point than a pure solvent.
• Hypotonic Solution is a solution whose concentration is lower than the standard.
• Hypertonic Solution is a solution whose concentration is greater than the standard.
• Solutions are clear even when colored.
• Isotonic Solution is a solution with the same concentration as the standard Normal Salt Solution (0.85 - 0.9% NaCl is isotonic with the concentration of salt in the blood).
• The particles will mix until they are evenly distributed in a solution.
• Solutions can undergo osmosis, the passage of water molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration, through a partially permeable membrane.
• Boiling point of solutions of a non-volatile compound is always higher than in pure solvent.
• Particles in a solution are non-settling.
• Particles in a solution are diffusible, meaning they can undergo diffusion, the movement of fluid from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
• Heating increases the solubility of most solids.
• All compounds containing nitrates, acetates and chlorates are soluble.
• Agitation – shaking or stirring brings out about circulation of the solvent and maximum contact between solute and solvent.
• All sulfate except Ba, Pb and Sr are soluble while Ag and Ca are slightly soluble.
• Among the halogens, Fluorine is the most active and combines with Hydrogen with explosive violence.