learning and memory

• Psychologists define thinking as brain activity in which we mentally manipulate information, including words, visual images, sounds, or other data.
• Thinking transforms information into new and different forms, allowing us to answer.
• Learning may be defined as a process that brings about a change in an individual’s way of responding as a result of practice or other experiences.
• Learning may also be defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior.
• Behavior changes with experience.
• New patterns of behavior take place when the organism senses its world, interprets it, responds to it, and then responds to the consequences of its own responses.
• Once the organism has passed through this cycle, it is never the same again.
• Memory is a term used to label the way facts and past experiences are impressed, retained and later recalled.
• Memory is the power of remembering past objects and stages of consciousness.
• Memory is a by-product of learning, it is that which is left over or retained after an interval of time.
• To have a good memory means that the individual has learned the appropriate responses.
• He has retained these effects of impression.
• Theories of Learning: Pavlov and Classical Conditioning
• Classical conditioning involves the learning of associations between stimuli, in situations where responses are reflexive or habitual.
• Ivan Pavlov, around the beginning of the 20th century, was a Russian physiologist interested mainly in animal digestive processes.
• Social Cognitive Theory posits that learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment, and behavior.
• Wolfgang Kohler observed chimpanzees and saw that animals are capable of acquiring a new response in one burst of insight, wherein the solution of a problem becomes suddenly clear.
• Memory is a by-product of learning, it is that which is left over or retained after an interval of time.
• To have a good memory means that the individual has learned the appropriate responses and has retained these effects of impression.
• Classical conditioning involves the learning of associations between stimuli, in situations where responses are reflexive or habitual.
• Psychologists distinguish between three necessary stages in the learning and memory process: encoding, storage, and retrieval.
• Memory is the power of remembering past objects and stages of consciousness.
• The law of effect principle developed by Edward Thorndike suggested that: "responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation.
• Operant conditioning involves the learning of association between responses and consequences, in situations where behavior is voluntary.
• Memory is a term used to label the way facts and past experiences are impressed, retained and later recalled.
• The earliest and best-known experiments on insightful learning were done by Wolfgang Kohler, a Gestalt psychologist.
• Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) started as the Social Learning Theory (SLT) in the 1960s by Albert Bandura.
• In Pavlov’s research, dogs had special tubes surgically inserted into their throats to allow measurement of their salivation in response to being fed.
• Pavlov became puzzled by the observation that the dogs often salivated before the food was actually placed in their mouths, and even when lab assistants simply approached the dogs with or without food.
• Sensory memory is related to your ability to retain impressions from the sensations you experience.
• Memory is the faculty by which the brain encodes, stores, and retrieves information.
• The information is transferred to short-term memory or working memory, which allows someone to mull things over and hold key information in their mind.
• Explicit memory is a type of long-term memory, and is the opposite of implicit memory.
• Appreciation learning involves the process of acquiring attitudes, ideals, satisfaction, judgement, and knowledge concerning values as well as the recognition of worth and importance which the learner gains from participating in the learning activities.
• Long-term memory is where you store life-time memories, your first kiss, your wedding day, and the birth of your baby.
• Short-term memory is where the brain stores short-term memories for about 20 to 30 seconds.
• Semantic memory is used for everyday information such as the meaning of a word, facts, and general knowledge.
• Humans process stimuli first with their sensory memory; that information is typically held in the brain for less than a second, which may explain why most people report that when shown an object quickly, they feel like they take in more details than they're able to recall later.
• Procedural memory, also called motor memory, is a type of implicit memory.
• Semantic and episodic memory are two types of explicit memory, also called declarative memory.