Photosynthesis

• The formula for calculating the sample size is n = N / 1 + Ne2.
• Recommendations are directly based upon the conclusions drawn and patterned according to the insights of the significance of the study.
• Population consists all of the possible observable elements.
• Sample is the portion taken from the population and is subject to study.
• The margin of error accounts for the difference between actual and projected results.
• Practicality and efficiency are the main reasons for sampling.
• In sampling, determining the sample size comes first before the sampling technique.
• The main advantage of random sampling is that all elements have equal chance of being selected (equiprobability) and each element’s chance is not affected by another (independence).
• Regardless of population size, the sample size with 5% margin or error will never exceed 400.
• Cluster sampling is BEST for studies targeting specific and existing groups or clusters (e.g males and females in class, sections, religion, brand of phone).
• The larger the sample size, the higher is the validity and reliability of a result because of better representation.
• You can never compute the sample size if the population size is not defined.
• Stratified Proportional Random Sampling ensures that sample size of each subgroup is proportional to the population.
• Systematic sampling takes every nth member of a population as sample.
• A construct is any measurable principle or idea.
• Among types of instruments, an adopted instrument from a published research paper possesses the highest validity and internal consistency.
• Likert scale values always begin with 4 (or 5) as the highest value for the highest degree.
• Survey questionnaires, as quantitative instruments, provide quantifiable measures for any type of construct.
• Validity is for accuracy as reliability is for consistency.
• The structure, grammar, and print quality of a test reflect the face validity.
• Content validity is validated through experts’ rating of each item using content validity index or CVI by Lynn (1986).
• An instrument possesses construct validity if its scores can reflect other related theoretical constructs such as IQ.
• Concurrent validity test is done when an instrument’s score is correlated with scores of a standardized test.
• The ability of a test to produce results that can predict future performance in another test shows the predictive validity of that test.
• Test-retest method is a reliability testing using same (one) test administered at two separate times.
• Parallel forms method is a reliability testing using two similar tests administered at two separate times in the same respondents.
• Split half method uses two sets of tests combined into one test then administered in one time, usually separated by odd and even numbers.
• If current studies are dominantly against your findings, then there must be an issue with the validity and reliability of your result.
• Conclusions are important for it allows readers to fully grasp the results, significance, and its implications.
• Observation method makes use of sensory observation and observation notes.
• The t-test is a statistical test that is used to determine if there is a significant difference between the mean scores of 2 samples, or 2 mean scores from one sample.
• The Pearson correlation coefficient, also known as Pearson's r, is a statistical measure that calculates the direction and strength of relationship between two variables.
• Aside from providing support and credibility to the result, interpreting using literatures (citations) allows for a more comprehensive discussion of results.
• Inter-rater Reliability does not need actual testing but only the rating of experts.
• Experimental method involves gathering data from two separate points in time (before and after treatment) and comparison of the results.
• Conclusions should NOT repeat the research questions, nor the results presented in the results and discussion chapter.
• Verbal interpretation-table-discussion is a proper way of discussing results in the Results and Discussion.
• Conclusions should discuss the implications of the findings in the light of the significance of the study.
• This is your option if you intend to use Pearson’s r but the parametric assumptions are not met.
• Survey method involves gathering data from a large sample using questionnaire.