Part II

• The digestive tract is a long tube extending from the mouth to the anus.
• Each part of the digestive tract has a similar structure.
• The digestive tract is associated with glands which are situated outside the tube but deliver their secretions into it.
• These glands have a system of ducts.
• By the process of digestion, the food material is converted into substances that can be absorbed into the circulation.
• The tunica serosa entirely covers the stomach except a small field on the posterior surface, near the cardia.
• The stomach's innervation includes sympathetic nerves through the ganglion coeliacum and parasympathetic nerves through the vagus nerve.
• On the lesser curvature, the a. gastrica dextra and a. gastrica sinistra form an arterial arch.
• The tunica serosa is connected to the stomach's neighbour organs through ligaments: hepatogastricum, gastrophrenicum, gastrolienale, and gastrocolicum.
• Sphincter pylori is the outermost layer of the stomach, longitudinal orientated.
• The stomach's blood supply branches off from the truncus coeliacus, including the a. gastrica sinistra and a. gastrica dextra.
• On the greater curvature, the a. gastricae breves branch into the fundus.
• The nerve fibers form three plexus in the stomach wall: submucosus, myentericus, and subserosus.
• Tunica serosa is the visceral sheet of the peritoneum that blends to the tunica muscularis through loose connective tissue, tela subserosa.
• Absorption in the stomach involves water, salts, glucose, alcohol, and some drugs.
• The stomach produces active substances like serotonin, gastrin, and histamine as part of its endocrine function.
• The stomach is flattened anterior-posteriorly and has two surfaces and two edges: the cardia and the pylorus.
• The gastric glands in the stomach are simple tubular or branched tubular and are three types: glandulae gastricae propriae in fundus and body, glandulae cardiacae in the area around the cardia (pars cardiaca), and glandulae pyloricae in pars pylorica, mucous glands.
• The stomach has anatomical parts such as the fundus, corpus, pars cardiaca, pars pylorica, antrum pyloricum, and canalis pyloricus.
• The stomach wall is composed of four layers: Tunica mucosa, Tela submucosa, Tunica muscularis, and Tunica serosa.
• The stomach wall is thrown into folds: plicae gastricae, mainly longitudinally orientated; areae gastricae, small fields (1-5 mm) that are formed by the gastric glands that occupied the lamina propria; and foveolae gastricae (gastric pits), into their bottom the groups of the gastric glands opening.
• The lamina propria of the stomach is a loose connective tissue that is occupied by a mass of gastric glands.
• The lamina epithelialis of the stomach is a simple columnar epithelium; the columnar cells are mucin-secreting, providing a protective coat for the mucous membrane.
• Mechanical churning and mixing of food material with digestive juice is a process in the stomach.
• Excretion in the stomach is the elimination of some products of the protein metabolism.
• The Pharynx is innervated by the fibers of the glossopharyngeus, vagus, and maxillaris (trigeminus) nerves.
• The Pharynx is supplied with blood by the superior, ascendens, and descendens branches of the thyroidea, and the facialis branch of the palatina.
• The Pharynx consists of three parts: the superior, the medius, and the inferior.
• The Esophagus is a straight muscular tube about 20 cm long, connecting the pharynx and the stomach, commencing at the level of C6 and terminating at the level Th12, opening into the cardia of the stomach.
• Stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, and salpingopharyngeus are outer, transversal layer constrictors of the pharynx.
• The Esophagus wall has three coats (layers): Tunica mucosa, Tunica muscularis, and Tunica serosa.
• The secretory portions of the cardiac glands consist of numerous mucous cells, and single parietal and endocrine cells (EC, ECL - serotonin, histamin).
• Cardiac glands are two groups, at the upper end of the esophagus (at the level of the cricoid cartilage) and at its lower end, and are compound tubular glands, similar in their structure to the cardiac glands of the stomach.
• The Tunica mucosa of the Esophagus consists of Lamina epithelialis, a multistratified squamous epithelium with 30-35 cellular layers and well developed papillae, and Lamina propria mucosae, a loose connective tissue with lymphatic follicles and cardiac glands.
• The Tunica submucosa of the Esophagus is a loose connective tissue with lymphoid follicles, plexus submucosus Meisneri and gll oesophageae propriae.
• The Esophagus has three anatomical parts: Pars cervicalis, Pars thoracica, and Pars abdominalis.
• The Tunica muscularis mucosae of the Esophagus is a longitudinally orientated smooth muscle tissue, well developed.
• The stomach has two sphincters: at the entrance of esophagus - cardiac sphincter, and at the junction with the small intestine (more powerful) - pyloric sphincter.
• The ducts of oesophageae propriae are covered by simple columnar epithelium.
• The sympathetic supply of the esophagus comes from the superior cervical ganglion (n.splanchnici major et minor).