History- nationalism in europe

• Which year did Frederic Sorrieu paint his paintings and what did they visualise?

  1848, utopian visions of his dream of democratic and social republics
• Various measures and practices created a sense of collective identity among the people. What were the ideas and what did they symbolise?

  La patrie (the fatherland), Le citoyen (the citizen)- emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
• The paintings by Frederic Sorrieu symbolised what?

  fraternity among the nations
• To make France's administrative system more efficient and radical, Napoleon introduced the Civil Code of 1804, which is also called Napoleonic code.
• Peasants and businessmen found a new found freedom because- Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished feudal system, freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues, guild restrictions were removed in towns, transport and communication was improved
• what did businessmen and small scale goods producers realise?

  uniform laws, standardised weights & measures, and a common national currency would facilitate the movement of goods and capital.
• Local people's reactions were mixed, why?

  new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom.
• What did Napoleon do to capture the rest of Europe?

  Increased taxation, censorship, forced recruitment into the army.
• Industrialisation began in England in the 2nd half of the 18th century, but in France and German states in the 19th century.
• Throughout Industrialisation?

  Social groups came into being, working class population emerged called the middle class.
• The term "liberalism" derives from the latin root "liber", meaning free.
• For the new middle class, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality for all before the law.
• Politically, liberalism emphasised the concept of government by consent.
• Economically, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
• Since French Revolution, liberalisation stood for the end of autocracy and clerical priviledges, a constitution and representative government through parliament. 19th century liberals also stressed the inviolability of private property.
• Equality before the law didn't stand for universal suffrage. In revolutionary France, the right to vote and get elected was only given to men. Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights.
• Napoleonic code reduced women to minor status, subject to the authority of men (fathers and husbands). Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, women and non-propertied men organised movements demanding equal political rights.
• Napoleon's administrative measures created countless small principalities (constituencies), which formed a confederation (alliance) of 39 states.
• What was the industrial revolution?

  the growth of towns & the emergence of commercial classes whose existence was based on production from market.
• The rich landed aristocracy was the socially and politically dominant class on the continent.
• the aristocratic class- were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions, owned estates in the countryside and townhouses, spoke French for diplomacy purposes and high society, and their families were connected in ties of marriage.
• Industrialisation brought about significant changes in social structure, including the rise of new middle classes such as factory owners, engineers, and managers.
• In 1834, a customs union or zolleverein was formed at the inititative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. It abolished tariff and reduced the no. of currencies from 30+ to 2. It also stimulated mobility (creation of network of railways), harnessing economic interests to national unification.
• After Napoleon's defeat in 1815, the European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism.
• Most conservatives did not propose a return to the pre-revolutionary days. They realised from Napoleon's changes, that modernisation could strengthen traditional institutions, like the monarchy.
• Conservatives believed that Napoleon's changes could make state power more effective and strong. A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy (power division), a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe.
• In 1815, Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia (who had defeated Napoleon collectively) met at Vienna to draw a settlement for Europe. They drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815.
• The main intention of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was to undo most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleon wars, to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and to create a new conservative order in Europe.
• The Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was hosted by Austrian chancellor (anyone of high rank)- Duke Metternich.
• The Bourbon Dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored power & France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
• A series of states were setup on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in the Future.

  North- Netherlands

  South- Piedmont (Genoa), Italy

  East- Russia

  West- Prussia

  (Treaty of Vienna)
• With the Treaty of Vienna, Prussia was given new territories on its Western frontiers, while Austria was given control of Northern Italy. The German confederation of 39 states was left untouched, Russia was given part of Poland and Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
• One of the major issues taken up by the liberal nationalists, who criticised the new conservative order, was the freedom of the press.
• During years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists underground. Tons of secret societies were formed. To be revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchial forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress, and to fight for liberty and freedom.
• Giuseppe Mazzini- Italian revolutionary, born in Genoa in 1807. Became a member of secret society of the Carbonari. He was sent to exile in 1831, at the age of 24, for attempting a revolution in Liguria (city of Italy).
• Giuseppe Mazzini found two more secret societies- 1) Young Italy in Marseilles, 2) Young Europe in Berne.
• Mazzini believed that God intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.
• Mazzini's relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives.
• Metternich described Mazzini as "the most dangerous enemy of our social order".
• The July Revolution in France (1830)- The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative regime after 1815, had been overthrown by liberal revolutionaries.

  Outcome- installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Phillipe at its head.