Unit 10

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Lydia

Cards (45)

Developmental psychology  
The study of change of physical, cognitive, social, behavioral characteristics across one life time.
'normal' change trends for age groups
Measuring development
Cross sectional design - used to measure and compare people of different ages at a given point in time
Risk of cohort effect - confound variable prevents from concluding that's changing is reasonable for change
Longitudinal design - follows development of the dame set of individuals through time
Long and costly, risk of attention loss and participants dropping out of study
Prenatal development
Germination stage (0-2 weeks)
Embryonic stage (2-8 weeks)
Fetal stage (8+ weeks)
Fetal brain development
Division of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain (week 4)
Differentiation between the hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem (week 11)
Myelination occurs (final weeks of pregnancy)
Teratogens  
Substances that capable of producing physical defects
Fetal alcohol syndromes - abnormalities in the mental functioning, growth and facial development
Smoking - increases the risk of miscarriage, death during infancy, and premature birth
Hearing Development  
By the 7-8 month of gestation fetuses can actively hear
Vision Deployment
Humans can see 12-15 inches at the time of birth
colour vision develops at 2 months old
depth perception develops at 4 month old
20/20 vision happens from 6-12 months
human infants immediately prefer to look at face like stimuli
Smell development
Infants cringe at bad smells
Taste Development
Infants have an innate preference from sweet food and an aversion to bitter foods
Infants have a preference for the foods the mother eats
Touch Development
Most developed sense at birth
Sense of pain develops before the 3rd trimester
Touch decreases anxiety and improves outcomes from premature babies
Reflexes - involuntary muscular reactions to a specific types of stimulation
Some reflexes set stage for more co trolled motor skill
Motor skills
Depends on practice
cultural differences influence when children meet milestones
Post natal brain development
Cortex thickening through myelination
Sensory
Motor
Perceptual
Higher order
Synaptogenesis 
The forming of new synaptic connections
Synaptic pruning 
The loss of weak connections through elimination
Increases neural energy
Jean Piaget
Thought knowledge accumulation happened through
Assimilation - occurs when new information is added but interpreted based on previous knowledge
Accumulation - happens when belief structures are midifies based on experience
Conditioning developed though 4 stages
Sensorimotor period (0-2 years)
Preoperational periods (2-7 years)
Concrete operational period (7-11 years)
Formal operational period (11-adult hood)
Sensory motor stage  
Infants understanding about the works is based on sensory experiences and actions preformed on objects
Object permanence is the major milestone of this stage
Struggles with A not B errors at this stage
Preoperational stage 
Marked by Centration during conservation tasks
Children have the tendency to focus on one aspect of a stimulus
Scale errors - not understanding the relationship between their size and the size of the space they occupy
Difficulty perspective taking - only considering things from their perspective
Concrete operational stage  
Children develop skills using and manipulating numbers, as well as logical thinking about concrete properties
Transitivity - if A > B and B > C than A > C
Stoll struggle with abstract thinking, can't think in hypotheticals
Formal operational stage  
Developed advanced cognitive processes like abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking
Shift from learning by trail and error to deductive reasoning and simulation
Metacognition - the ability to think about your own thinking
Evaluating Piaget
Core knowledge hypothesis - Infants have inborn abilities for understanding some key aspects of their environment
Habituation - a decrease in responding with repeated exposure to an event
Dishabituation - An increase in responding with the presentation of a new stimulus
Vygotsky's zone of proximal development
Children need to be challenged enough to achieve things but not so much that it causes stress
Scaffolding - teaching by matching the guidance of the learners needs
Screen time 
Increases screen time in early development associated with pour cognitive and social development
Attachment - the bond between child and caregivers  
Harry Harlow's monkey experiment showed that attachment is liked to emotional needs

Secure - child will not cry during moms absence and will seek mother upon return
Anxious - Child will be upset when mother leaves and be angry when mother returns
Avoidant - Child will be unphased when mother leaves and does not care when mother returns
Prosocial behavior 
Engaging in behaviors that are helpful towards others
Evident in early development
Instrumental helping - providing practical assistance
Empathic helping - providing help to make someone fee better
Learning to meet the needs of others
Attachment behavioral system - Psychological drive ti meet your own needs for security
Caregiving behavioral system - Psychological drive focused on meeting others needs
If your own needs aren't met then our attachment system shuts down out caregiving system
Self awareness  
The ability to recognize yourself
Mirror mark test
Emerges 18-24 months old
Egocentric  
The world is interpreted and perceived in terms of ones own perspective
Theory of mind  
The ability to recognize that the thoughts of others differ from your own
emerges by age 4
False - belief task
Parenting practices
Conditional approaches - sole use of operant techniques for punishment or rewarding behavior
behavior can become dependent on the reward
Increases introjection - the internalization of the conditional reward of significant other
Inductive discipline - Explaining consequences of a child's actions on others
Emotional challenges in adolescence
spike in hormonal levels
Hypothalamus stimulates release of sex hormones
Volatile emotions
Females experience more bullying if they develop faster
Increase risk of drug abuse and unwanted pregnancies
Promoting self control
Cognitive reframing - learning to look at our experiences through a different frame
Delayed gratification - putting off immediate gratification to focus on linger term goals
Role confusion
Happens when who you are is not allowed or fought against by parents
Why teens do stupid things
Sensation seeking machines
Hedonic values - how much reward you actually get
Positive incentive value - how much rewards you anticipate getting
Adolescence decision making  
Ongoing changes in the prefrontal cortex during adolescence
Myelination and synaptic pruning
More likely to make risky decisions especially with peer
Kohlberg's moral development
Preconventional -self interest seeking reward or avoiding punishment
Conventional - regards social conventions and rules as guides for appropriate moral behavior
Postconventional - Considers rules and laws as relative
Social intuitionist model
moral judgment are based on quick intuition and emotion rather than deliberate reasoning
Moral dumbfounding - when a moral issue is presented we have an immediate feeling about what is right or wrong, but when asked to explain why we struggle to explain our reasoning
Erikson's adult stages of psychological development
young adult - Major challenge is intimacy versus isolation
Adulthood - Major challenge is generativity versus stagnation
Aging - Major challenge is ego integrity versus despair
Marrage is associated with longer and happier lives
Gottman's four horsemen of a relationship apocalypse'
Criticism - when you are critical of your partner without contractiveness
Defensiveness - when you are criticized you counter attack
Contempt - One or both partners feels like they are better than the other
Stonewall - one person emotionally shuts down because of emotional overwhelm