A01

• Short Term

  What did Peterson and Peterson work out?

  The duration of STM
• What what did they use?

  Trigrams
• What were they asked to do before recalling?

  Count backwards in 3s
• What did the results show?

  There was rapid forgetting in a short period if time
• What did they find after 18s?

  Only 10% of the trigrams were accurately recalled
• What did Conrad do?

  He shows Ps random sequences of 6 letters from consonants and asked them to write down what they see
• What were the results?

  The rate of presentation was too fast

  They made mistakes by mixing up the sounds of words - substitution errors
• What did Baddeley discover?

  Word with similar sounds were much harder to recall than words that don't sound alike
• What is the preferred method of encoding?


  Acoustic
• What did Bahrick et al want to see?

  The duration of LTM
• What did he experiment on?

  392 American ex high school students
• What were the 4 types of tests that Bahrick use


  Free recall

  Photo recognition

  Name face recognition

  Photo-naming test
• What was the free recall test?

  Recalling as many names as possible
• What was the photo recognition test?

  Shown 50 photos and had to say which ones were former classmates
• What was the photo-naming test?

  Shown a photo and had to name the former classmate
• What were the results?

  Free recall - After 15 years=60% accurate After 48 years=30% accurate

  Photo recognition - After 34 years=90% accurate After 48 years=40% accurate

  Name-recognition - After 34 years=90% accurate After 48 years=80% accurate
• What did this show?

  That LTM is good when provided recognition cues

  That recognition memory is better than free recall
• What was the limitation with this study?

  It only deals with one type of information and can't be certain that LTM id as good for other kinds
• What did Baddeley (1966) demonstrate?


  The primary code seems to be semantic
• What were the results of B experiment?

  Recall from STM was badly affected by similar sounds(10% recalled)

  Recall from LTM was better with distinct meanings(70%) than similar meanings (55%)

  Sound makes no difference to recall from LTM but meaning does
• What are the limitations with B study?

  Didn't use a stimulus material that's representative to everyday memory