Mutations

• mutation - change in DNA sequence
• Environmental factors and enzyme mistakes causes mutations
• point mutations - change in one of few nucleotides
• mutations can occur in body or sperm/egg cells
• body cells usually have greater mutation consequences
• Substitution mutation - substituting one base for another
• Deletion mutation - nucleotide is deleted from sequence
• Insertion mutation - adds a nucleotide into sequence
• Deletion and insertion mutations are likely to have a significant impact
• Frameshift mutation - shifts the reading frame of the DNA sequence (Deletion and Insertion mutations)
• Silent mutation = no effect
• Missense mutation = single amino acid change (change in protein shape and function)
• Premature stop = nonsense mutation (shorter protein that is most likely non-functional)
• totally different amino acid sequences have no name and are most likely non-functional
• If you have one mutant copy of the gene, you are usually fine
• Deletion, Insertion, and Substitution are the three types of mutations