science unit d test

• biosphere is an open system
• earth is considered a closed system
• lithosphere - solid portion of the earth.
• lithosphere is the earth’s crust
• two types of crusts - oceanic & continental
• hydrospheres - all of the water on earth
• atmosphere - layer of gases that surround earth
• altitude - the distance above earth’s surface measured from sea level
• troposphere - first layer (closest to earth) of the atmosphere, where weather occurs
• stratosphere - 2nd layer, jet streams occur here
• mesosphere - 3rd layer, meteors burn up here, coldest layer
• weather - short term temperature and precipitation for a particular region at a particular time
• climate - long term acerage temp.
• anecdotal evidence - evidence based on personal experience
• scientific evidence - evidence that is based on scientific methods
• insolation - amount of solar energy received by a region on Earth’s surface
• inclination - earth is tilted on its axis, so the sun is not always directly overhead
• incidence - angle between solar radiation and a line perpendicular to the surface of the earth
• inclination effect - higher the latitude, more variation of daylight due to earth’s tilt.
• incidence effect - less dorect sunlight, equator receives direct sunlight all year
• coriolis effect is the force that causes the earth to rotate on its axis
• the polar easterlies are called that because they are the winds that blow from the east
• the polar westerlies are called that because they are located in the polar regions of the earth
• jet streams are formed by the winds blowing over the ocean surface and the winds blowing over the land surface
• el nino is the term for a warm water current in the pacific ocean that affects weather patterns
• el nina is cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific, influencing global weather patterns.
• Convection currents form when heat makes fluids rise and cool fluids sink, creating a circular flow.
• Specific heat is how much heat a substance can handle without getting too hot or cold.
• Conduction is the transfer of heat through direct contact between particles within a material.
• Convection is the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases) due to differences in temperature.
• Radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves, such as light or infrared, without the need for a medium or direct contact.
• Condensation: The change from a gas to a liquid, often happening when a gas cools.
• Sublimation: The transformation directly from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid phase.
• Deposition: The change from a gas directly to a solid without becoming a liquid.
• Heat curves show how substances change between solid, liquid, and gas states with variations in temperature and pressure.
• The two main factors that affect wind are differences in temperature and pressure.
• Wind is generated as air moves from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas due to variations in temperature and atmospheric pressure.
• Atmospheric pressure - the force exerted bythe mass of air above any point on Earth’ssurface.
• Liquid to vapour – absorbs (gains) energy as bonds are broken
• Liquid to solid -releases energy as bonds are formed