CCHM1

• Analytical Chemistry consists of four basic disciplines: Spectrometry, Luminescence, Electroanalytical methods, and Chromatography.
• Spectrometry includes spectrophotometry, atomic absorption, and mass spectrometry.
• Luminescence includes fluorescence, chemiluminescence, and nephelometry.
• Electroanalytical methods include electrophoresis, potentiometry, and amperometry.
• Chromatography includes gas, liquid, and thin-layer.
• Radiant energy is the light source used in spectrophotometry, which is converted into a value or result by a photodetector.
• Chloride test in csf, serum and sweat is done using a method known as chloride ion-selective electrode.
• Polarography is the measurement of differences in current at a constant voltage, following the ilkovic equation.
• Voltammetry is the measurement of current after which a potential is applied to an electrochemical cell, allowing the sample to be pre concentrated, thus utilizing minimal analyte.
• Amperometry is used in pO2, glucose, chloride and peroxidase determinations.
• Anodic stripping voltammetry is used for lead and iron determinations.
• Interference in chloride test can be caused by bromide, cyanide and cysteine.
• Amperometry is the measurement of the current flow produced by an oxidation-reaction.
• Measurements of radiant energy include Emitted, Transmitted, Absorbed, Scattered, and Reflected.
• Two primary considerations in every colorimetric analysis are Quality of the color and Intensity of the color.
• Photoelectric Colorimetry is the primary analytical utility of spectrophotometry or filter photometry, isolating discrete portions of the spectrum for purposes of measurement.
• Spectrophotometric measurement is a measurement of light intensity in a narrower wavelength.
• Photometric measurement is a measurement of light intensity at multiple wavelengths.
• Visual Colorimetry uses our eyes to determine the color of the solution.
• Light energy, wavelength, and radiant energy spectrum are transmitted via electromagnetic waves that are characterized by their frequency and wavelength.
• Energy is transmitted via electromagnetic waves that are characterized by their frequency and wavelength.
• Wavelength is the distance between two successive peaks and it is expressed in terms of nanometer (n).
• Samples (urine or blood) are introduced into the GC column using a hypodermic syringe or an automated sampler in Gas Chromatography (GC).
• Paper chromatography is used for fractionation of sugar and amino acids.
• Isoelectric focusing separates molecules by migration through a pH gradient.
• Capillary Electrophoresis separates sample molecules by electro-osmotic flow (EOF).
• Gold/Silver stain is very sensitive even to nanogram quantities of proteins.
• Densitometry measures the absorbance of stain, which is the concentration of the dye protein fraction.
• Chromatography involves separation of soluble components in a solution by specific differences in physical-chemical characteristics of the different constituents.
• Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) is a semiquantitative drug screening test where sample components are identified by comparison with standards on the same plate.
• When all drug spots including the standards have migrated with the solvent front in Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), it is caused by incorrect aqueous to nonaqueous solvent mixture.
• Biological samples such as blood, urine and gastric fluid can be used for the test in Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC).
• Sorbent in Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) is thin plastic plates impregnated with a layer of silica gel or alumina.
• Extraction of the drug in Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) is pH dependent, the pH must be adjusted to reduce the solubility of the drug in the aqueous phase.
• Gas Chromatography (GC) is used for separation of steroids, barbiturates, blood, alcohol and lipids.
• If the molecule of interest is not volatile enough for direct injection in Gas Chromatography (GC), it is necessary to derivatize it into a more volatile form.
• Gas Chromatography (GC) is useful for compounds that are naturally volatile or can be easily converted into a volatile form.
• The relationship between wavelength and energy (E) is described by Planck's formula: E = hv.
• Types of radiant energy include Cosmic rays, Gamma rays, X-rays, Visible, Ultra-violet (UV), Infrared (IR), and Radio, TV, microwave, etc.
• Nominal wavelength represents the wavelength in nanometers at peak transmittance.