recitation anaphy

• The integumentary system protects the body by serving as a barrier to pathogens and chemicals and prevents excessive water loss.
• The skeletal system supports the body, protects internal organs and red bone marrow, and provides a framework to be moved by muscles.
• The muscular system moves the skeleton or other body part and produces heat.
• The nervous system interprets sensory information and decides how to use it.
• The nervous system regulates body functions, such as movement, by means of electrochemical impulses.
• The endocrine system regulates body functions, such as growth and reproduction, by means of hormones and regulates day-to-day metabolism by means of hormones.
• The circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes waste products.
• The lymphatic system returns tissue fluid to the blood and destroys pathogens that enter the body, providing immunity.
• The respiratory system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood.
• The digestive system changes food into simple chemicals that can be absorbed and used by the body.
• The urinary system removes waste products from the blood and regulates volume and pH of blood and tissue fluid.
• The reproductive system produces eggs or sperm and in women, provides a site for the developing embryo/fetus.
• Anatomy is the study of body structure, which includes size, shape, composition, and perhaps even coloration.
• Physiology is the study of how the body functions.
• Metabolism is a collective noun that includes all of the chemical reactions and physical processes that take place within the body.
• Metabolism encompasses growing, repairing, reacting, and reproducing—all the characteristics of life.
• Metabolic rate is most often used to mean the speed at which the body produces energy and heat or, put another way, energy production per unit of time, such as 24 hours.
• Homeostasis refers to the ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable internal or external condition and to function normally despite many constant changes.
• Metabolism is the sum of all of the chemical and physical changes that take place in the body.
• Metabolic rate is the amount of energy and heat production per unit of time.
• Homeostasis is a state of good health maintained by the normal metabolism (functioning) of the organ systems.
• The body constantly responds to internal and external changes yet remains stable; its many aspects of metabolism are kept within normal limits (usually a range of values, not a single value).
• Negative feedback mechanism is a control system in which a stimulus initiates a response that reverses or reduces the stimulus, thereby stopping the response until the stimulus occurs again and there is a need for the response.
• Positive feedback mechanism is a control system that requires an external interruption or brake.
• Positive feedback mechanism has the potential to become a self-perpetuating and harmful cycle, therefore is rare in the body.
• A body cavity is a fluid-filled space within the body that contains and protects internal organs.
• The cranial and spinal cavities contain the central nervous system and are completely enclosed by protective bone.
• The cranial cavity is formed by the skull and blank.
• The membranes that line these cavities and cover the brain and spinal cord are called the meninges.
• The spinal (or vertebral) cavity is formed by the backbone (vertebral column or spine) and contains the spinal cord.
• The thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities are within the trunk of the body, and their contents are at least partially protected by bone.
• The thoracic (or chest) cavity is the most superior and is separated from the abdominal cavity below by the diaphragm.
• The diaphragm is a large, dome-shaped respiratory muscle with openings for the esophagus and for large blood vessels but otherwise is a wall between the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
• The pelvic cavity is the most inferior and may be considered a subdivision of the abdominal cavity (there is no wall between the two) or as a separate cavity.
• Organs in the thoracic cavity include the heart and lungs.
• The membranes of the thoracic cavity are serous membranes called the pleural membranes.
• Organs in the abdominal cavity include the liver, the stomach, and the intestines.
• The membranes of the abdominal cavity are also serous membranes called the peritoneum and mesentery.
• The peritoneum is the membrane that lines the entire abdominal wall, and the mesentery (or visceral peritoneum) is the continuation of this membrane, folded around and covering the outer surfaces of the abdominal organs.
• The pelvic cavity is inferior to the abdominal cavity.