Amount of substance

• What is a mole?

  6.02 X 10(23) particles (Avogadro's constant).
• How do you calculate moles?

  Mass divided by Mr OR concentration x volume (dm3).
• What is the ideal gas equation?

  PV = nRT
• What is a standard solution?


  A solution with a known concentration. Making one involves dissolving a known amount of solid in a known amount of water to create a known concentration.
• What happens in a neutralisation reaction?

  Acid reacts with an alkali to get salt & water.
• How do you make a standard solution?

  Calculate moles & mass needed. Weigh using boat. Weigh boat. Pour into beaker and distilled water to dissolve all the solid. Pour solution into volumetric flask using funnel. Add distilled water up to meniscus. Stopper flask & invert to ensure mixed. Calculate conc. of solution.
• How do you calculate percentage yield?

  Actual yield/theoretical yield x 100
• What is atom economy?

  Measure of proportion of reactant atoms that become part of the desired product in a balanced chemical reaction.
• How do you calculate atom economy?

  Molecular mass of desired product/sum of molecular masses of all reactants x 100
• Economic advantages of reactions with high atom economy?

  Cheaper (makes more efficient use of raw materials). Large amounts of desired product & less by-products. Less waste to deal with (spend less on separation). (Costs also increased by safe waste disposal which is not needed here).
• Environmental & ethical advantages of reactions with high atom economy?

  Uses less raw materials & produce less harmful waste, more sustainable, easier & cheaper ways to mass produce medicines & other useful chemicals-products could be sold for lower prices & become more available.