internal.

• labelling;

  • Becker suggests that some teachers attach biased preconceptions to certain pupils, often unrelated to ability or aptitude
  • w/c pupils are more likely to be labelled negatively, and m/c pupils positively
  • pupils are labelled based on how closely they fit the 'ideal pupil' image
  • labelling can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy arising
• self-fulfilling prophecy;

  when a pupil begins to internalise the label attached to them by acting accordingly
• negative labels may lead to the formation of anti-school subcultures, whereas positive labels lead to increased academic performance
• anti-school subcultures are groups of pupils who reject school values
• pro-school subcultures are groups of pupils who are committed to school values
• Ball observed that some teachers have low expectations for those in lower sets
• w/c pupils are often placed in lower sets, leaving them with little hope to succeed, consequently leading to underachievement via self-fulfilling prophecy
• Becker argues that there is an ' ideal pupil ' that teachers treat as the exemplary student, and consequently display favouritism over
• Becker suggests that the ideal pupil is often white and middle class
• Archer argues that w/c pupils drew symbolic capital ( status ) from wearing designer sportswear brands like Nike, which were viewed as tasteless and improper by other m/c pupils and teachers
• bourdieu;

  • bourdieu proposed that 'habitus' is the shared values, attitudes, tastes and way of thinking of a particular social class
  • the m/c have the power to define their habitus as the superior one, and consequently impose it on the education system
  • m/c habitus is heavily promoted in schools meaning the education system is more tailored to m/c pupils, while w/c habitus is devalued and largerly ignored
• Archer;

  a 'nike identity' is the w/c pupils' alternative way of instilling a sense of self-worth in themselves, to cope with rejection from a system that devalues their culture, by investing in designer sportswear brands that are deemed as improper by the school
• Rist studied an American kindergarten and found that teachers labelled the pupils based on family background and appearance.
• Lacey

  • Differentiation; the process in which categorise pupils, based on how they perceive their ability & attitude
  • Polarisation; the process in which the pupils respond to these labels, either gravitating towards either a pro-school or anti-school subculture
• Woods- responses so labelling & school subcultures

  • Ingratiation; teacher’s pet
  • Ritualism; complying with school rules, staying out of trouble
  • Retreatism; divided attention, daydreaming
  • Rebellion; a complete, outright rejection of what the school stands for