Chapter 1

• what was the single largest cause of death in the mid-19th century?

  tuberculosis
• where did record-keeping of public health begin in the mid-19th century?

  England and Wales
• what were the 3 major epidemics of the mid-19th century?


  cholera, typhoid, and smallpox
• who created the commonly used definition of public health?

  Winslow
• the AIDS epidemic took place in the 1980s
• AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
• what are the 3 core functions of public health?

  1. assessment
  2. policy development
  3. assurance
• the Ten Essential Public Health Services originated from the 3 core functions of public health
• ASSESSMENT (1): monitor health status to identify community health problems
• ASSESSMENT (2): diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community
• POLICY DEVELOPMENT (3): inform, educate, and empower people about health issues
• POLICY DEVELOPMENT (4): mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems
• POLICY DEVELOPMENT (5): develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts
• ASSURANCE (6): enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety
• ASSURANCE (7): link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable
• ASSURANCE (8): assure a competent public health and personal healthcare workforce
• ASSURANCE (9): evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services
• SERVING ALL FUNCTIONS (10): research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems
• medicine is concerned with individual patients while public health regards the community as its patient
• assessment is the diagnostic function of public health ; involves the collection, assembly, analysis, and communication of the health of the population
• policy development is the use of scientific knowledge to develop a strategy for improving community health
• the assurance function of public health is equivalent to a doctor's actual treatment of their patient
• less than 3% of the United States' total health spending is for public health
• the life expectancy of Americans went from 47 to 77 years over the course of the 20th century
• the community or government must decide to accept or reject the recommendations of public health experts
• MADD stands for mothers against drunk driving
• in which function do politics enter the public health process?

  policy development and assurance
• since the community pays for treatment through taxes, they must decide how much "health" they are willing to fund
• provision of basic medical services is included in which function of public health?

  assurance
• epidemiology and statistics are the basis for the assessment function of public health
• health policy, management, and administration is apart of which public health function?

  assurance
• epidemiology focuses on human populations, usually starting with outbreak of disease within a community
• epidemiologists are looking for the causative factor among people who are sick
• public health relies heavily on biomedical sciences to understand infectious agents
• environmental health science is concerned with preventing the spread of disease through food, water, and air
• what is the 5 step approach to health problems in a community?

  1. define the health problem
  2. identify the associated risk factors
  3. develop and test community-level interventions to control or prevent the cause
  4. implement interventions
  5. monitor interventions to assess effectiveness
• intervention is a generic term used to describe a program or policy designed to have an impact on a health problem
• primary prevention prevents an illness or injury from occurring at all by preventing exposure to the risk factors
• secondary prevention minimizes the severity of an illness or injury
• tertiary prevention seeks to minimize disability by providing medical care and rehabilitation