Global governance

• The pressures felt by the global commons include: industrialisation, new technology, overfishing, climate change, increased CO2.
• The global commons are areas not owned by any one country/organisation. They belong to everyone and should be available for everyone's use and benefit.
• The main 4 global commons are: The high seas, the atmosphere, Antarctica and outter space.
• Global commons are governed by international laws.
• Global governance is when countries of the world come together to set up institutions, laws, treaties, rules and norms on how to ta kle issues that are common to all countries and cannot be dealt with by any individual.
• Global governance regulates global economic and political systems by: 1- setting up rules countries and companies should follow. 2- monitoring whether they follow the rules. 3- enforcing the riles if they aren't followed.
• Norms are accepted standards of behaviour. There are negative consequences for countries or companies who don't follow them.
• International laws are rules that are made through international agreements which cover human rights, labour standards, trade regulations.
• Institutions are political and legal organisations that exist to pass and enforce laws, or act as a mediator during conflict e.g. the UN.
• Global governance aims to promote: 1- growth. 2- stability. For example, the World Trade Organisation (WTO) aims to increase trade through common rules to increase economic 'growth'. Also, the World Health Organisation combats epidemics like the 2014 Ebola outbreak, which increases 'stability'.
• The mission of the UN is to maintain International peace and security and to promote friendly relations between countries.
• The UN is comprised of 193 member states. Most members have permanent missions at the UN's HQ. Members nations contribute to the running costs of the UN (a country's contribution is assessed on its ability to pay)
• The Security council is responsible for maintaining global peace and security. Its five permanent members are China, France, Russia, UK and USA. They hold veto power over any decisions made by the SC. Non-permanent members serve two year terms.
• The General Assembly has all 193 member states represented. It meets annually to discuss issues such as climate change, terrorism and poverty reduction. The GA can make recommendations but cannot impose them
• What 3 things has globalisation allowed?

  -erosion of national boundaries

  -integrating national economies, cultures, technology, governance.

  -interdependence between countries.
• What does the KOF Index measure?

  How globalised a country is
• Name the 3 factors measured by the KOF Index.

  -Economic globalisation (cross border trade).

  -Social globalisation (spread of people and ideas)

  -Political globalisation (crossover of government policies e.g. blocs)
• What are Remittances?

  A sum of money earned by a worker which is sent back to their home country to their families.
• What happened to the remittances in Somalia?

  They fell into the hands of terrorist groups, leading to US and UK banks withdrawing the service they provided.
• Who protested for Somalians?

  Human rights groups
• Why do Somalians rely on Remittances?

  They live in an LIC with little job opportunities and suffering from Brain drain.
• What are the 3 concerns of US and UK banks based on conditions in Somalia?

  -Lax governments and laws.

  -Don't have SARs (suspicious activity reports).

  -Remittances may end up in the hands of terrorist groups like Al-Shabab.
• What are the 3 main migration flows around the world?

  -Inter-regional flow between South and Weat Asia.

  -In sub-Saharan Africa between neighbouring countries.

  -Mexicans to the USA.
• Name the 3 type of countries in Wallerstein's World System Theory Model.

  -Core: dominate and exploit countries for cheap labour and raw materials.

  -Semi-periphery: countries with characteristics of both core and periphery.

  -Periphery: exploited for their raw materials and agriculture. Depend on core for money.
• Name the 4 types of employment/jobs and give an example for each.

  Primary: farming, mining

  Secondary: manufacturing

  Tertiary: Sales and services

  Quaternary: Research and Marketing
• Name the economies that have turned from LICs to HICs in the past 40 years.

  -Tiger: Hong Kong, Singapore, S Korea, Taiwan.

  -BRIC: Brazil, Russia, India, China.

  -MINT: Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey.