communication

• Turn


  the opportunity given to a speaker to talk
• Turn-taking


  a process in which a participant stops speaking and yields the floor to another participant so he or she can speak
• Keep-turn


  suggests that a speaker must not stop until he or she fulfills his purpose in a conversation
• Release-turn


  Suggest that a speaker is finished talking and is ready to yield the floor to another person to take his or her turn
• Take turn


  suggests that another participant can take the role of the speaker
• Intonation


  may signal when a speaker intends to keep or yield his or her turn.Falling intonation indicates that a speaker is about to end his or her turn, while rising intonation implies that a speaker is about to reach the climax of his or her point, asking the participants for clarification and confirmation, or sometimes to express disbelief.
• Verbal cues


  may suggest that a speaker wants to yield or to keep his or her turn.
• Nonverbal cues or gestures


  show that a participant wants to take the floor or speak. Also, when a speaker points to or fixes his or her gaze on a participant, it may mean that he or she wants that participant to speak.
• topic


  refers to the main point of a text or speech.
• Communication


  refers to the giving and getting of meaning through a certain medium.
• Main Speaker


  introduces the topic, or the main message.
• Sentence topic


  sometimes called sentential topic, refers to the main idea or focus of a sentence specific
• Discourse topic


  refers to the topic of the conversation as a whole general
• Topic control


  communication strategy that helps the speaker keep the conversation focused on one central idea.
• Shifting


  means changing.
• Topic Shifting


  It occurs when one intentionally or unintentionally changes the direction of the flow of ideas in a conversation.
• Speaking topically


  occurs when the listener concentrates on some phrases from the last statement mentioned by the speaker. The idea develops and sticks within the context of the situation.
• Speaking on the topic


  occurs when the listener concentrates on a word, but the newly introduced idea may not be related to the context of the topic.
• Violations


  refer to unnecessary acts of participants that often cause a misunderstanding or a delay in the process or f bw of the discussion.
• Grabbing the Floor


  also called interruption, occurs when a speaker is not able to fulfill his or her purpose because a participant takes over the role of being a speaker without allowing him or her to finish his or her turn first
• Overlapping


  similar to grabbing the floor, both of the participants talk simultaneously, may also happen when two or more participants start speaking at the same time
• Hogging the floor


  occurs when the speaker continues speaking and ignores others who try to join or take over the discussion
• Being Silent


  also called dead airoccurs when no one wants to speak or take over the discussion
• Trouble in Speaking, Hearing, or Understanding


  -improper articulations-use of the wrong word-failing to hear or be heard-incorrect understanding by the listener trouble on the part of the recipient to understand
• Self-initiated self-repair


  Initiated and f ked by the speaker of the trouble sourceThe speaker corrects himself or herself or when he or she cannot find the right word but then is able to find it after a short pause
• Other-initiated self-repair


  initiated by another participant but is fixed by the speaker of the trouble source Occurs when another participant could not hear the speaker or has misunderstood the speaker
• Self-initiated other-repair


  initiated by the speaker of the trouble source but is fixed by another participant⚫ happens when the speaker could not find the right word or phrase and another participant supplies it in the conversation
• Other-initiated other-repair


  both fixed and initiated by another participant