Nineteenth Century

• Society in the Victorian age -> Victorianism

  · Religion vs. Science

  · strict morality

  · racial segregation

  · rise of the working class
• Society in the Victorian age

  · patriarchy, gender roles (especially in upper & middle class)

  . Queen Victoria (1837-1901)

  ↳ strong ties with Germany (Hanoverian)

  · 1851: the Great Exhibition: (shows items of colonies)-> propaganda
• Three main aspects of the industrial Revolution

  3 dominant sectors:

  textiles · Iron · Coal
• · Britain as 'Workshop of the World'

  ↳ dominated the world's economy -> deindustrialised other regions (eg. India, China)
• Urbanisation -> people moved from the countryside to the city to work at factories

  ↳ quick growth of cities (Manchester, Birmingham, Glasgow)as industrial centres

  Overpopulation in cities - establishment of slums, rapid spread of disease, ...
• • Industrialisation:
  • Factories were built
  • Invention of the Steam Engine, Spinning Jenny,
• • Railway -> Suburbanisation (second half of the century)
• • Ireland:
  • Great Famine: many people did from starvation - migration to US and Britain
• Criticism:

  • Pollution
  • Poverty

  o Marx and Engels: against capitalism - Communist manifesto

  • Handwork (India, China) wasn't appreciated anymore o establishment of slams
  • rapid spread of disease
  • second half of the century: wages got higher, living standards increased - less likely revolt
• 1832: The first Reform Act

  • Cities grew fast - still no representation of majority of population in Parliament 
  • Changing of the boroughs that could vote because of imbalanced distribution caused by demographic changes - enlarged the electorate
• 1867/1884: The Second and third Reform Act 

  • Increased the electorate again by including working class
  • Still no right to vote for women
• 1870: Education Act 

  • Providing schools in all areas
  • 1880: attendance at school was made compulsory
• 3. Provide an overview of major developments of the British Empire in the Victorian period

  • 1788: Australia was added to the British Empire, royal navy introduced 
  • 1814/15: Peace of Paris (Britain got Colonies from France)
  • China (Britain got economic power over Hong Kong)
  • Ottoman Empire: dominant force in Mediterranean areas
  • Scramble for Africa: Britain received colonies in Africa
• The Second British EmpireStrategies of British Rule:

  • Settler Colonies (Britain gave rights to colonies -> Canada and Australia)
  • India (money source, East India Company, Indian mutiny/Rebellion 1857, India Act 1858 -> British rule over India)
  • • Africa (no official ruler, scramble for Africa, Berlin Conference -› partition of Africa, exploitation of south Africa because of golds and diamonds)
  • Political risk of all empires: British Lords could make pacts with the locals (unloyalty)
  • Racial segregation: no mixing between British and local communities -+ Racial propaganda, "white" = superior
• When did queen Victoria reign?

  1837-1901