· patriarchy, gender roles (especially in upper & middle class)
. Queen Victoria (1837-1901)
↳ strong ties with Germany (Hanoverian)
· 1851: the Great Exhibition: (shows items of colonies)-> propaganda
Three main aspects of the industrial Revolution
3 dominant sectors:
textiles · Iron · Coal
· Britain as 'Workshop of the World'
↳ dominated the world's economy -> deindustrialised other regions (eg. India, China)
Urbanisation -> people moved from the countryside to the city to work at factories
↳ quick growth of cities (Manchester, Birmingham, Glasgow)as industrial centres
Overpopulation in cities - establishment of slums, rapid spread of disease, ...
Industrialisation:
Factories were built
Invention of the Steam Engine, Spinning Jenny,
Railway -> Suburbanisation (second half of the century)
Ireland:
Great Famine: many people did from starvation - migration to US and Britain
Criticism:
Pollution
Poverty
o Marx and Engels: against capitalism - Communist manifesto
Handwork (India, China) wasn't appreciated anymore o establishment of slams
rapid spread of disease
second half of the century: wages got higher, living standards increased - less likely revolt
1832: The first Reform Act
Cities grew fast - still no representation of majority of population in Parliament
Changing of the boroughs that could vote because of imbalanced distribution caused by demographic changes - enlarged the electorate
1867/1884: The Second and third Reform Act
Increased the electorate again by including working class
Still no right to vote for women
1870: Education Act
Providing schools in all areas
1880: attendance at school was made compulsory
3. Provide an overview of major developments of the British Empire in the Victorian period
1788: Australia was added to the British Empire, royal navy introduced
1814/15: Peace of Paris (Britain got Colonies from France)
China (Britain got economic power over Hong Kong)
Ottoman Empire: dominant force in Mediterranean areas
Scramble for Africa: Britain received colonies in Africa
The Second British EmpireStrategies of British Rule:
Settler Colonies (Britain gave rights to colonies -> Canada and Australia)
India (money source, East India Company, Indian mutiny/Rebellion 1857, India Act 1858 -> British rule over India)
• Africa (no official ruler, scramble for Africa, Berlin Conference -› partition of Africa, exploitation of south Africa because of golds and diamonds)
Political risk of all empires: British Lords could make pacts with the locals (unloyalty)
Racial segregation: no mixing between British and local communities -+ Racial propaganda, "white" = superior