Occupation/Power

• Wareing (1999) - types of power

  1. instrumental, maintain and enforce authority
  2. influential, persuade others to do something
  3. political, eg. politicians and police
  4. personal, by occupation /role, eg. managers
  5. social, eg. class, gender, ethnicity, age
• Fairclough (2001)

  • power in spoken discourse - unequal, participant and participator
  • power within the discourse - power exercised by the choice of language, eg. formal register
  • power behind the discourse - text producers have a external power behind linguistic features, eg. ideological, hierarchal, political, legal
  • synthetic personalisation - the process of addressing mass audiences as though they were individuals, through inclusive language use
• Grice’s Maxims (1967)

  1. quality - speakers should tell the truth
  2. quantity - speakers should be as informative as is required (saying neither too much, nor too little)
  3. relevance - speakers’ contributions should relate to the purpose of the exchange
  4. manner - this means that speakers’ contributions should be clear, orderly and brief, avoiding ambiguity
• Goffman (1959)

  • face - the public self-image that every adult tries to protect
  • positive face - the desire to be liked
  • negative face - the desire not to be imposed upon, eg. the freedom of action and freedom from imposition
• Swales (2011) - discourse communities

  • share a set of common goals
  • communicate internally, using one or more genres of communication
  • use specialist lexis and discourse
  • possess a required level of knowledge and skill to be considered eligible to participate in the community
• Baxter

  women talk more apologetically in the workplace