memory

• Who developed the multi-store model of memory?

  Atkinson and Shiffrin
• Describe the multi-store model of memory


  • Environmental stimuli
  • SENSORY REGISTER
  • Attention
  • SHORT-TERM MEMORY
  • Maintenance rehearsal
  • Elaborative rehearsal
  • LONG-TERM MEMORY
  • Retrieval
• What is Glanzer and Cunitz's strength of the MSM?


  Supporting evidence from serial position effect - primacy effect from LTM, recency effect from STM
• Where is STM localised?


  Prefrontal cortex
• Where is LTM localised?


  Hippocampus
• What is a limitation of the MSM?

  Stores are not unitary, as proposed by the working memory model and semantic, episodic, procedural LTM (as supported by Clive Wearing). This reduces validity of the model
• What is the sensory register's coding, capacity, and duration?


  • Modality specific
  • Large
  • 0.5-2 seconds
• What is STM's coding, capacity, and duration?


  • Acoustic
  • 7+-2 items
  • 18 seconds, extended to 30 with maintenance rehearsal
• What is LTM's coding, capacity, and duration?


  • Semantic
  • Large
  • Lifetime
• How did Sperling investigate the sensory register?


  • 12 digit grid flashed for for 0.5 seconds
  • Pps asked to recall entire grid or one row
  • 1 row = 75% recall = large capacity
  • Entire grid = 5/12 recall = 0.5-2 second duration (info decayed)
• How did Conrad investigate STM? 


  • Showed pps list of either acoustically similar or dissimilar letters
  • Asked to recall letters in order
  • More difficulty in recalling acoustically similar letters = STM encodes acoustically
• How did Miller investigate STM?


  • Pps asked to remember list of digits and recall in order
  • Pps able to recall 7+-2 items before making mistakes
• How can STM capacity be increased?


  Chunking
• How did Peterson and Peterson investigate STM?


  • Pps shown trigrams of three letters and given distractor task of counting backwards in 3s from a certain number to prevent rehearsal
  • 3 sec distractor task = 78% recall
  • 18 sec distractor task = 6% recall = duration of STM
• How did Baddeley investigate LTM?


  • Asked pps to remember list of either acoustically / semantically similar / dissimilar words
  • Distractor task for 20 mins
  • Recall for semantically similar list = 55% = semantic coding
  • Recall for other lists 70-85%
• How did Linton investigate LTM?


  • Kept diary of 11 000 events, assigned cue word to each event
  • 70% recall for events from cue word after 7 years = large capacity and duration