eukaryotic cell structure (animals)

• cell membrane - Controls what goes in and out of a cell
• cytoplasm - Body of cell where chemical reactions take place
• respiration - process which creates energy
• nucleus - control centre of the cell
• mitochondria - where respiration takes place
• animal cell - a cell that doesn't have a cell wall or chloroplast
• ribosome - where proteins are made
• microscope - The equipment needed to view cells
• chlorophyll - The pigment (coloured substance) that absorbs sunlight
• plant cell - A cell characterised by having a cell wall and chloroplasts
• photosynthesis - When plants use sunlight to make their own food
• chloroplast - Where photosynthesis happens
• vacuole - Filled with cell sap to keep plant cells turgid
• cell wall - Provides structure and protection to a plant cell
• 1. lysosome
  2. microtubule network
  3. vesicles
  4. nucleolus
  5. nucleus
  6. golgi apparatus
  7. cell-surface membrane
  8. cytosol
  9. ribosome
  10. centriole
  11. rough endoplasmic reticulum
  12. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  13. cytoskeleton
  14. secretory vesicles
  15. mitochondria

  
• the nucleus - Structure

  • Largest organelle
  • Spherical
  • Dark patches=chromatin
  • Surrounded by nuclear envelope
  • Composed of 2 fluid filled membranes
  • Has nuclear pore - allows large molecules through
  • Nucleolus inside
• the nucleus - Function

  • Contains genetic material
  • Chromatin consists of DNA and proteins
  • Contains instructions for making proteins
  • When cells divide, chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes 
  • Nucleolus makes RNA and ribosomes
• The nucleolus is where ribosomes are made
• mitochondria - Structure:

  • 2 membranes separated by a fluid filled space
  • Inner membrane is folded to form cristae
  • Central part is called the matrix.
  • Also contains DNA and small 70s ribosomes
• mitochondria - Function

  • Site where ATP is produced during respiration
• centrioles -

  Made of microtubules.

  Centrioles are involved in the movement of chromosomes during cell division
• the cytoskeleton - A web of microfilaments and microtubules controlling movement around the cells
• Lysosomes –

  Specialised vesicles containing digestive enzymes (lysozymes). Break down old organelles or toxic materials.
• Vesicles –

  Small membrane bound sacs for transporting substances around the cell.
• Vacuoles –

  Form and deform to engulf substances such as food.
• Flagella –

  Tails. Help a cell to move (be motile). They have numerous swimming mechanisms. Cells can have more than one flagella. Tend to be longer than cilia.
• Cilia –

  Hairs. Can be involved in moving substances or can be stationary and be involved in sensing a stimuli
• Microfilaments –

  formed from actin. Responsible for cell movement and cytokinesis.
• Microtubules –

  “Scaffolding” to form the shape of the cell. Provide tracks for organelles to move along. Spindle fibres used in chromosome movement during cell division
• Intermediate fibres –

  Provide mechanical strength to the cell.
• Where are proteins made?

  • 80S ribosome (60S large and 40S small subunit)
  • 70S ribosomes (found in mitochondria)
• What happens once the protein is made?

  • Transport of proteins occurs in rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Proteins can be modified and packaged into vesicles by the Golgi apparatus
• The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in making steroids and lipids.