[LBOLYTC] Quiz 1

Cards (80)

  • Statistics is a science that deals with the collection, organization, presentation, analysis and interpretation of data.
  • Descriptive Statistics consists of methods concerned with collection, organization, summarization and presentation of a set of data.
  • Inferential Statistics comprises of those methods concerned with making predictions or inferences about an entire population based oninformation provided by the sample
  • Population consists of the totality of all the elements or entities from which you want to obtain information
  • Sample is a subset of a population.
  • Census is the process of collecting information from the population
  • Survey is the process of collecting information from the sample
  • Parameter is a summary or numerical measure used to describe a population
  • Statistic is a summary or numerical measure used to describe a sample
  • A constant is a characteristic or property of a population or sample which makes the members similar to each other.
  • Variables are any characteristic or information measurable or observable on every element of the population or sample
  • Qualitative variables are variables that indicate what kind ofa given characteristic an individual, object, or event possesses
  • Quantitative variables are variables that indicate how much agiven characteristic an individual, object, or event possesses
  • The types of Quantitative Variables are (1) Discrete and (2) Continuous.
  • Discrete Variables are variables whose values are obtained through the process of counting.
  • Continuous Variables are variables whose values areobtained through the process of measuring.
  • The types of Qualitative Variables are (1) Dependent and (2) Independent.
  • A Dependent variable is a variable which is affected by anothervariable.
  • Independent Variables are variables which affect dependentvariables.
  • The scales of measurement of variables are (1) nominal, (2) ordinal, (3) interval, and (4) ratio.
  • Nominal scale are variables whose values are simply labels or names orcategories without any explicit or implicit ordering of the labels.
  • Nominal scale is the lowest level of measurement also known as the categorical scale
  • Ordinal scale are variables whose values are simply labels or names or categories with an implied ordering in these labels.
  • Distance between 2 variables in an ordinal scale cannot be determined.
  • Interval scale are variables whose values can be ordered and distancebetween any two labels are of known size.
  • Interval scale is always numeric with no true zero point.
  • Ratio scale are variables that have all the properties of interval scales plus they have a true zero point.
  • There are 3 types of presentation of data: textual, tabular, and graphical.
  • A textual presentation is when Data are presented in paragraph form. It involves enumeration of important characteristics, giving emphasis on significant figures and identifying the important features of the data.
  • Tabular presentation is the presentation of data through tables.
  • A frequency distribution table is a tabular summary of data showing the frequency of items in each of several non-overlapping classes.
  • The steps in constructing a frequency table:
    Determine the range, denoted by R.
    Decided on a number of classes, denoted by k.
    Compute the class size, denoted by c.
    Identify the class intervals, CI.
    Identify the frequency of each CI or tallying.
  • Class size is the Range (R) divided by number of classes (k).
  • Class Boundaries are the numbers that separate classes without forming gaps between them.
  • Class Mark or Midpoint is the middle value of each data class. To find the class midpoint, average the upper and lower class limits of each CI.
  • The relative frequency is obtained by dividing the frequency of the given class by the total number of observations.
  • Cumulative frequency of a data class is the number of data elements in that class and all previous classes.
  • Less than CF is the total number of observations within a class whose values do not exceed the upper limit of the class.
  • Greater than CF is the total number of observations within a class whose values are not less than the lower limit of the class.
  • Bar charts are for discrete data, while histograms and line graphs are for continuous data.