victimisation

• crimes can have a significant impact on victims, cause physical, psychological, emotional, social or financial harm
• GENDER - WOMEN

  victims of sexual assault and domestic violence

  feminists say this is due to patriachy, gender stereotypes and toxic masculinity
• GENDER - men

  victims of assault

  men spend more time in the public sphere so more likely yo be out at night in alcohol fuelled fights, toxic masculinity, lad culture
• SOCIAL CLASS - working class

  victims of burglary (material deprivation so cant protect home) and corporate crime (vunerable to companies cutting corners and are powerless eg. grenfell)
• SOCIAL CLASS - middle class

  white collar crime victims - employees steal from their company
• ETHNICITY - black people

  racist assault due to racism eg. stephen lawrence

  gang crime due to more likely to live in areas of high crime and be victims of stabbing or assault
• ETHNICITY - asian

  hate crime due to racist attacks

  honour killings which are cultural and rare due to 'shame or dishonouring family'
• AGE - young

  victims of personal theft as seen easy targets

  child abuse as children are vunerable
• AGE - old

  personal theft - stereotype of being weak and easy targets

  fraud - scammers target elderly as they are vunerable
• SOC EXP OF VICTIMISATION - critical victimology

  conflict theorys say powerless groups are more likely to be victims of crime - structural inequalities in society cause victimisation
• SOC EXP OF VICTIMISATION - critical victimologyfem view

  feminism say women more likely to be victims of domestic violence and SA due to patriachy, gender stereotypes and toxic masculinity
• SOC EXP OF VICTIMISATION - critical victimology fem view AO3

  women may be reluctant to report being a victim due to fear of secondary victimisation - be victims second time dealing with police and relive horror whilst being interrogated

  evidence of institutionalised sexism in courts - assume women are responsible for rape
• SOC EXP OF VICTIMISATION - critical victimology marx view

  wc more likely victims of burglary and violent crime due to material deprivation they cannot protect homes and locality making them prone to violent areas
• SOC EXP OF VICTIMISATION - critical victimology marx view AO3

  right realists argue wc only have themself to blame as they should have worked harder to afford to protect their home and live in safer areas
• SOC EXP OF VICTIMISATION - 'ideal' victim

  sociologists argue CJS and media have ideal victim - deserving and innocent to victim status

  eg. stephen lawrence did not match ideal victim so murder was not investigated properly - police were institutionally racist
• SOC EXP OF VICTIMISATION - powerless groups denied victim status

  critical argue victims of corporate crimes not seen as victims as seen as accidents so not seen or treated as crimes with no prosecution eg. grenfell was seen by neo marxists tombs as corporate manslaughter with victims denied victim status and seen as a accident to hide crimes of the powerful
• SOC EXP OF VICTIMISATION - powerless groups denied victim status ao3

  approach seen as disregarding roles victims may play in bringing victimisation on themself eg. not having an alarm and being robbed

  feministsdo not explain how it is that men come to be victims of crime - men actually statistically more likely to be victims of crime than women
• SOC EXP OF VICTIMISATION -positivist victimology

  claims victims are responsible for crimes committed against the, - some groups more likely due to who they are or how they behave (victim blame)
• SOC EXP OF VICTIMISATION -positivist victimology types

  1. victim proneness - social characteristics make them more likely victims due to how they look - easy targets eg. elderly or young women with proactive clothes

  ao3 - victim blaming

  feminists critical as suggests women responsible for rape and reinforce patriachy

  not acsepted by courts
• SOC EXP OF VICTIMISATION -positivist victimology types

  2. victim precipitation - victims action triggers their victimisation - what they do eg. murder cases when victim first uses violence which triggers their murder

  ao3 - does not explain victimless crimes eg. public drunkness