Cultural Variations

• What type of study did van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg do?


  A meta-analysis
• van IJzendoorn & Kroonenberg aim

  to consider the proportions of secure, insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant attachments
• van IJzendoorn & Kroonenberg - procedure

  • summarised findings from 32 studies of attachment taken from 8 countries
  • consulted 1990 strange situation classifications in total
• van IJzendoorn & Kroonenberg - findings

  secure: 65%, avoidant: 21%, resistant: 14%
• differences between individualist and collectivist cultures in van IJzendoorn & Kroonenberg‘s research

  individualist: resistant was all under 14&

  collectivist: resistant rates were above 25%
• Simonelli et al

  • study conducted in Italy
  • assessed 76 babies using the strange situation
  • found that 50% were secure and 36% were insecure avoidant
• Takahashi (1990)

  • replicated the strange situation with 60 urban middle class Japanese infants
  • found that there were 68% secure, 32% insecure-resistant and 0% insecure-avoidant