Electrolytes

• What do you the equality in number of cations and anions?

  Electroneutrality
• What do you call a molecule that carries a negative charge and that moves towards the anode?

  Anion
• What do you call a molecule that carries a positive charge and that moves towards the cathode?

  Cation
• Where is 2/3 of the body's water compartment?

  Intracellular
• Where is the 1/3 of the water compartment of the body located?

  Extracellularly
• In the normal plasma, how many percent is water? How about solutes?

  93% is water

  7% is solutes
• Water retention of atleast 3L of water results to what condition?

  Edema
• What condition is termed when there is a 10-20L of water is excreted?

  AVP deficiency
• Increase in osmolality results in what conditions?

  Thirst, and concentration of solution
• Decrease in osmolality can result into what conditions?

  Water overload and dilution of solution
• What is the normal value of Osmolality in the body?

  275-295 mOsm/kg
• Sodium accounts for approximately how much of the osmotic activity in the plasma?

  90%
• What is the term as the difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations?

  Anion Gap
• What is the normal value for the anion gap using Ka+ and Na+?

  10-20 mmol/L
• What is the normal value for the anion gap using Na+?

  8-16 mmol/L
• What system primarily responds to the decrease in blood volume?

  Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
• What is the other name for Sodium?

  Natrium
• What is the most abundant extracellular cation?

  Sodium (Na)
• What electrolyte has the greatest influence in the plasma(LEC) or serum(LAB) osmolality?

  Sodium
• Regulation of Na+ depends on what two system?

  Water intake and Renal regulation
• What is the major hormone that regulates sodium ion?

  Aldosterone
• What hormone is released by the heart that blocks the action of aldosterone and renin, which in turn increases rate of excretion for Na+?

  Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)
• What is the reference value for Na+?

  135-145 mmol/L
• In sodium determination using Ion Selective Electrode (ISE), what is the medium used?

  Glass aluminum silicate
• What should be the level of Sodium in serum top be considered Hypernatremia?

  >145 mmol/L
• What is the major defense against hyperosmolality and hyperteremia?

  Thirst
• Chronic hypernatremia may be indicative of what condition?

  Hypothalamic disease
• What are the causes of hypernatremia?

  Excessive water loss and gain of sodium
• What is the most common electrolyte disorder?

  Hyponatremia
• What hormonal condition causes hypernatremia that cannot be corrected with fluid restriction?

  Barterr's syndrome
• For every 100 mg/dL of increase in glucose how much does sodium decrease?

  1.6 mmol/L
• What levels of Na+ in serum is deemed clinically significant?

  less than 130 mmol/L
• What should be the level of Sodium in serum top be considered Hyponatremia?

  <135 mmol/L
• Rapid correction of hyponatremia can lead to what?

  Cerebral myelinolysis
• Slow correction of hyponatremia can lead to what?

  cerebral edema
• Normal urine values of sodium in 24-hour urine?

  40-220 mmol/day, but varies with diet
• Normal sodium levels in the CSF?

  136-150 mmol/L
• What is the other name of Potassium?

  Kalium
• What electrolyte is the major intracellular cation in the body?

  Potassium
• This electrolyte has hemolysis as a major interference with the test?

  Potassium