Reading and Writing - Q3

• Patterns of Development in Writing

  • logical arrangement of ideas (particular order/pattern)
  • Strategies to arrange an idea which is based on purpose
• Patterns of Development in writing

  • helps you follow ideas and understand a text better
  • In determining the patterns used, note the signal words
• Definition

  • Explains what something is or means
  • Explains what something does, is used for, looks like, and more
  • “What does it mean?”
• [Definition]   A term could be emphasized by the following:

  o   Characteristics/Features

  o   Function

  o   Effect

  o   Origin
• Things to consider [Definition]

  o   The term to be defined

  o   The class to which the term belong

  o   The characteristics that differentiate the specific term
• Types of Definition

  1. Formal Definition
  2. Informal Definition
• Formal Definition

  • Provided in dictionaries, provides general understanding
• Informal Definition

  1. Operational Definitions
  2. Synonyms
  3. Antonyms
  4. Connotations
• Operational definitions

  • Words may have varying definitions depending on the time, place, and people that uses the word
• Synonyms

  • a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word or phrase in the same language
• Antonyms

  • a word opposite in meaning to another
• Connotations

  • Underlying meaning of a term, what it implies, where it is associated
• Exemplification

  • Provides an example of something
  • Presents the general statement or main idea, and it is explained by providing specific examples or a series of detailed illustrations
• Signal Words [Exemplication]

  o   After all

  o   For instance

  o   In other words

  o   In particular

  o   Specifically

  o   For example

  To illustrate
• Description

  • a POD that goes into details of any object, person, or location
  • “What does it look like?” “What are its characteristics?”
  • Uses sensory details (invokes the senses) and precise words
• Description

  • presents details in a logical order
  • Clear focus and a sense of purpose
  • Should be precise with a choice of words
• Types of Description

  1. Objective Description
  2. Subjective Description
• Objective Description

  • Specific
  • Does not involve any personal bias
  • Describe the factual and scientific characteristics
  • Without any emotional impressions or responses attached to it
• Subjective Description

  • Describes something or someone based on how they want the readers to know a character or an object.
• Chronology or Procedure: A chronological pattern organizes ideas or events according to time, It has two forms, namely: narration and process.

  -       Chrono – time

  -       Logical – order
• Narration

  -       Sequences events according to the time it occurred or happened
• Process

  -       Organizes details according to the time it occurred or happened
• Listing

  • It is a pattern of development that organizes ideas using enumeration.
  • The order of ideas or details is not essential.
  • It presents a series of items such as facts, reasons, examples, features, or characteristics.
• Comparison and Contrast-

  • It is a development pattern that organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things, and concepts are similar to or different.

  -       Compare: tell what is alike

  -       Contrast: tell what is different
• Classification

  • It is a pattern of development that divides things into groups, classes, or categories.
  • It organizes ideas into divisions based on criteria or standards.

   
• Cause and Effect

  • It is a pattern of development that explains why something happens or what results from a particular event produces.
  • This pattern may discuss a paragraph that gives emphasis either on its cause or its effect.

   
• Problem-Solution

  • a pattern of development that focuses on either a problem or a solution in a particular area or situation.
• Persuasion

  • It is a pattern of development that convinces readers to agree to an argument or claim about a particular topic.
• Properties of a well-written text

  1. Organization
  2. Coherence
  3. Cohesion
  4. Language use
  5. Mechanics
• Organization

  -       Refers to the arrangement of ideas in a text

  -       a good one can quickly be followed when a writer creates an outline first.

  -       An outline is useful because ideas are arranged in a hierarchy that distinguishes the general ideas from the specific ideas.

  -        
• Paragraph

  -       Piece of writing the focuses on one topic or idea

  -       Consists of one or more sentences

  -       The sentence explain and develop the topic

  -       The first word in the paragraph is indented

  -       Indention signals the beginning of a new paragraph
• 3 basic parts of a paragraph

  1. Topic sentence
  2. Supporting Details
  3. Conclusion
• Topic Sentence

  a.    Refers to the main point of the writer

  b.    “main idea”

  c.    Usually the first sentence
• Parts of a topic sentence

  1. Topic
  2. Controlling idea
• Topic: what the paragraph is about
•     Controlling idea – expresses the writer’s idea, opinion, or attitude
• A.   Supporting Details

  a.    Refers to the sentence that develop the main idea of the paragraph

  b.    Writers usually use descriptions, examples and explanations to support or prove the topic sentence

  c.    make up most of the paragraph
• A.   Conclusion

  a.    The final sentence of the paragraph

  b.    Its purpose is to summarize the ideas, provide comments or suggestion, and give the paragraph proper closure

  c.    The writer usually reiterates the topic sentence by rephrasing it and rewording some of its parts

  d.    normally consists of 1-2 sentences
• Coherence

  -       The quality of being understandable, logical, and consistent

  -       Putting connected ideas together to make sense.

  -       It refers to the relationship of ideas between sentences.
• To provide coherence, signal words or phrases are used, such as when adding more information (e.g., in addition, moreover), referring to the previous report (e.g., as mentioned earlier), or contrasting the last statement (e.g., however) and so on.