Paper 1 continued

• What is a natural hazard?

  A natural process causing harm to humans
• How can natural hazards be categorized?

  By tectonic, geological, and atmospheric types
• What is the crust in relation to the Earth's layers?

  The outermost layer where we live
• What is the thickness of the Earth's crust beneath the ocean?

  About 5 to 10 kilometers
• What is the mantle's thickness?

  About 2,900 kilometers thick
• What causes convection currents in the mantle?

  Heat from radioactive decay in the core
• What happens to magma as it heats up?

  It becomes less dense and rises
• What are the three types of plate boundaries?

  Destructive, constructive, and conservative
• What occurs at a destructive plate margin?

  The crust is destroyed and subducted
• What is created at a constructive plate margin?

  New crust as plates pull apart
• What happens at a conservative plate margin?

  Plates slide past each other, causing earthquakes
• What is the focus of an earthquake?

  The point where energy is released
• What is the epicenter of an earthquake?

  The point directly above the focus
• What are seismic waves?

  Waves that radiate out from the focus
• How can we manage earthquake risks?

  By building earthquake-resistant structures
• What is one method to predict earthquakes?

  Using seismometers
• What is the case study for a LIC earthquake?

  The Gorkha earthquake in Nepal, 2015
• What magnitude was the Gorkha earthquake?

  7.8 magnitude
• What secondary impact occurred due to the Gorkha earthquake?

  A landslide
• What is the case study for a HIC earthquake?

  The Tohoku earthquake in Japan, 2011
• What magnitude was the Tohoku earthquake?

  9.0 magnitude
• What was a significant response to the Tohoku earthquake?

  Rebuilding roads within six days
• What is a lahar?

  A fast-flowing mudflow from a volcano
• What is pyroclastic flow?

  Superheated gas and volcanic matter
• Why might people continue to live in hazardous areas?

  Fertile soils and tourism benefits
• What are the three cells in global atmospheric circulation?

  Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar cells
• What happens at the equator in atmospheric circulation?

  Hot air rises and spreads out
• What causes low pressure systems?

  Hot air rising
• What creates high pressure systems?

  Cold air sinking
• What is the general direction of wind flow?

  Winds blow from high to low pressure
• What are tropical storms called in different regions?

  Hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones
• Why is it important to understand the differences between primary and secondary effects of earthquakes?

  To evaluate their impacts on communities
• What is the significance of immediate versus long-term responses to earthquakes?

  To assess effectiveness in disaster management
• How do monitoring techniques help in predicting earthquakes?

  They provide data for early warning systems
• How does socioeconomic status affect earthquake response and recovery?

  Wealthier areas can respond more effectively
• What are the benefits of volcanic ash for agriculture?

  It enriches soil fertility
• How does climate change affect natural hazards?

  It increases the frequency and intensity
• What is the relationship between urbanization and vulnerability to natural hazards?

  Urban areas often have higher vulnerability
• How do government policies influence disaster preparedness and response?

  They establish guidelines and funding for recovery
• Why is community education important in hazard management?

  It increases awareness and preparedness