Key individuals 1947 - 67 section 4

• Colonial administrator = Sir Andrew Cohen (1909 - 68)

  Country/Background

  • Public school education
  • Degree in classics from Cambridge. Entered civil service and went to colonial office
  • Realist and decolonisation was inevitable. Jewish background
  • Devolving powers to indigenous elites
• Sir Andrew Cohen (1909 - 68) - Action he took (Colonial administrator)

  • 1947 appointed assistant under Secretary of State for the colonial office's African division. Cohen report 1947 new direction for colonial policy. Gradual reform
  • Colonies eventually become independent, democratic and stable nations. Nationalist leaders wanted this immediately not gradually.
• Sir Andrew Cohen (1909 - 68) - Action he took

  • Concerned with extreme white supremacy inherent in Afrikaner dominated apartheid system. Danger of spreading north to South Africa. 'Paternalistic' colonialism of British ran colonies
  • Proposed confederation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland as central African federation. 1953 carried out unsuccessful and dissolved in 1963.
• Sir Andrew Cohen (1909 - 68) - Action he took

  • 1953 appointed Govenor of Uganda until 1957. Ugandans into gov and encouraged to development of political parties and university of Makere.
  • Credited to lay groundwork for Ugandans independent in 1962
• Sir John Macpherson (1898 - 1971) - Country/Background

  • Scot
  • Edinburgh University
  • Malayan civil service 1921 to 1937
  • Various posts in Caribbean, Palestine and USA
  • Govenor General of Nigeria
• Sir John Macpherson (1898 - 1971) - Action he took

  • British official responsible for managing transition to independence in Nigeria. 7th Govenor general from 1948 to 1955.
  • Colonial administration gradually towards reform. High levels of colonial administration to Nigerians. Major conference 1951.
• Sir John Macpherson (1898 - 1971) - Action he took

  • Discussions of constituitions include participation in government by Nigerian officials different regions.
  • Competing political authorities. 'Macpherson constituition' Nigerians included in government for the first time
  • Independent Nigeria in 1960
• Sir Charles Arden - Clarke (1898 - 1962) - Country/Background

  • Born in India
  • Son of Church of England Missionary
  • Public school
  • Colonial service in 1920
• Sir Charles Arden - Clark (1898 - 1962) - Action he took

  • Appointments in Africa. Became Govenor of the Gold Coast in 1949. Colonial administrator similar to Macpherson. Release of Nkrumah from prison in 1951. Bringing him to government.
  • Acted between Nkrumah and Asante politicians domination of an educated elite. New Ghanaian state
• Sir Charles Arden - Clarke (1898 - 1962) - Action he took

  • Pragmatic politician dealing with situations. Disagreements with Nkrumah. Strategy was working close to him. Delayed timetable for independence for a third general election under colonial rule in 1956
  • Independence came in 1957. Arden - Clarke became country's 'Govenor - General'. Nkrumah saw him as a symbol of British imperialism
• Colonial administators:

  • Sir Andrew Cohen (1909 - 68)
  • Sir John Macpherson (1898 - 1971)
  • Sir Charles Arden - Clarke (1898 - 1962)
• Nationalist leaders:

  • Kwame Nkrumah (1909 - 72)
  • Dr Nnadmdi (1904 - 96)
  • Jomo Kenyatta (1891 - 1978)
  • Apollo Milton Obote (1925 - 2005)
  • Nelson Mandela (1913 - 2013)
• Nelson Mandela (1913 - 2013) - Country/Background

  • Xhosa peoples and Thembu royal family
  • Educated by methodist missionairies and named Nelson
  • Anti colonial politics while studying law at Port Hare and withwatersrand unis.
  • End apartheid regime in South Africa in 1948
• Nelson Mandela (1913 - 2013) - Action he took

  • Helped form youth league, of the African national congress (ANC) in 1944. Rose through ranks supported radical mass based policy. 'Programme of Action' 1944.
  • 1952 head of defence of campaign of civil disobedience against unjust laws. Influenced by Marxism and secretly joined South African communist party (SCAP) and sat on central committee.
  • 1961 co - funded militant umkhonto wesizqw (spear of the nation). ANC's armed wing and led a sabotage campaign against the apartheid government
• Nelson Mandela (1913 - 2013) - Action he took

  • Secretly left South Africa in 1962. Military training in Morrocco and Ethiopia and came back to South Africa in July 1962. Arrested and charged. Five years imprisonment
  • Police raid on ANCs Rivonia hideout further conviction
  • Oct 1963, he and colleagues prosecuted in Rivonia trial. Famous speech 20th April 1964. June 1964 and seven others life imprisonment.
• Nelson Mandela (1913 - 2013) - Action he took

  • 27 years. President in 1994 to 1999
• Kwame Nkrumah (1909 - 72) - Country/Background

  • From African Gold Coast
  • Catholic mission school
  • Government teaching training college
  • 1930 studied in various unis in USA
  • 1940s involved in radical black activisim and deeply politicised
  • 1945 London organised 5th pan African congress in Manchester
• Kwame Nkrumah (1909 - 72) - Action he took

  • 1947 big international reputation invited to Gold Coast and became General secretary of the united Gold Coast convention (UGGC), established by wealthly lawyer J.B Danqual wanted national independence
  • Imprisoned 1948, formed convention people's party (CPP). Success became PM between 1953 and 1957.
• Kwame Nkrumah (1909 - 72) - Action he took

  • Move Gold Coast towards full independence as Ghana in 1957. Ghana became republic 1960. Founder member of organisation of African unity in 1965. Believed in pan africanism. Marxist socialism and popular nationalism. Responsible leadership
• Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe (1904 - 96) - Country/Background

  • Western education in Nigeria further study in USA
  • Strong sense of African nationalism as a journalist in Gold Coast
  • 1937 Lagos to Nigeria.
  • Champion of Nigerian nationalism in 1940s
• Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe (1904 - 96) - Action he took

  • Helped to creation national council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) in 1944 becoming its leader
  • Nigeria divided on religious and ethnic grounds, North half the population Muslim. Hausa and Fulani West dominated by yoruba and east by Ibo.
  • Several different nationalist groups emerged
  • NCNC dominated by the Ibo, the 'Yoruba Action group' and the Northern people's congress (NPC) which was largely based in the Muslim North
• Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe (1904 - 96) - Action he took

  • Azikiwe had to work with both his nationalist rivals and Britain to create a viable and stable Nigerian state
  • Independence in 1960 and by negotiating a deal with the NPC was able to establish Nigeria's first government with himself as president
• Jomo Kenyatta (1891 - 1978) - Country/Background

  • Member of Kikuyu from British East Africa
  • Scottish Missionary school
  • Clerk in Nairobi in 1920s
  • Joined Kikuyu central association (KCA), London in 1929
  • Kenya in 1946 become principle of Kenya's reachers college
  • 1947 president of the Kenya African union (KAU)
• Jomo Kenyatta (1891 - 1978) - Action he took

  • 1948 to 1951 he toured and lectured around the country campaigning for the return of land given to settlers by the British and for independence within 3 years
  • Mau Mau movement led to the banning of the KAU and state of emergency in 1952. Arrested in Oct 1952 accused of being a member of Mau Mau society.
  • 1953 seven year imprisonment with hard labour
• Jomo Kenyatta (1891 - 1978) - Action he took

  • May 1960 meetings and petitions for his release. Elected the leader of the Kenya African nationalism (KANU). Successor of (KAU).
  • State of emergency lifted in Jan 1960. Release in 1961. Kenya had negotiations with Britain. Led to independence in 1963.
  • Served as PM. 1964 country became republic. Kenyatta became president.
• Jomo Kenyatta (1891 - 1978) - Action he took

  • Held positions for 14 years until his death
  • Gradual Africanisation of the government keeping many colonial civil service in positions until they could be replaced by black Kenyas.
  • One party state in 1964 expand his own powers in 1966
• Key individuals in 1947 - 67
• Case study: Malay Peninsula

  • Onn bin Jafar (1895 - 1962) was the founder of United Malays National organisation (UMNO)
  • Campaigned to rally the Malays against the Malayan union established by British in 1946 possessions on Peninsula. Became UMNO president in May 1946
  • Supporters was Tunku Abdul Rahman (1963 - 90). Law student studied in England and became Malaya's first prime minister after independence in 1957
• Case study: Malay Peninsula

  • Opposed his goals. Malayan communists (members of MCP) under Chin Peng (1924 - 2013). Middle - Class Chinese Malayan man. Awarded OBE for services in wartime
  • Also opposed to Tan Cheng Lock (1883 - 1960). Chinese Malayan businessman, educated in Singapore. Led Malayan Chinese association (MCA) formed in 1949. Anti - communist and British officials trusted him
• Case study: Malay Peninsula

  • Malayan emergency. Violent guerilla war between 1948 and 1960 between armed forces of the British commonwealth and the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA)
  • Military arm of the Malayan communist party (MCP)
  • Tan decided that partnership with UMNO (in 1954) was the best way of protecting the Malayan Chinese and both Onn and Tan participated in the successful negotiations for independence from the British in 1957