Mutations

• Mutation is change in the base sequence, this affects the expression of the gene
• Mutations are changes to quantity or sequence of DNA bases, this can change the amino acids selected and a protein structure
• Mutations most commonly occur due to a mistake during DNA replication, they also occur when coming into contact with a mutagenic agent
• Mutagenic agents include viruses, toxins, heavy metals, asbestos and radiation
• Substitution is a type of mutation, one nucleotide is replaced by another
• Substitution is a type of mutation, one nucleotide is replaced by another
• Inversion is a type of mutation, a section of DNA is flipped
• Insertion is a type of mutation, an additional nucleotide is added causing a frameshift
• Deletion is a type of mutation, a nucleotide is removed and not replaced, causing a frameshift
• A frameshift changes all the codons downwind of the mutation
• Translocation is a type of mutation, a section is removed and replaced in another location
• A mutation outcome is silent, this is when a mutation didn't alter the amino acid sequence
• A mutation outcome is Non-sense, the mutation led to an early stop codon
• A mutation outcome is mis-sense, the mutation causes change in the amino acid sequence
• The chromosome mutation polyploidy is when there is a presence of more than 2 sets of chromosmes
• The chromosome mutation Nom-disjunction is when there is one more or one less chromosome present
• Non-disjunction occurs due to an error caused during meiosis