Anatomy :)

• Levels of organization in biology begin with subatomic particles such as protons, electrons, and neutrons, which form atoms.
• Atoms get together to form molecules, such as Glucose (sugar) or lipids, carbohydrates, which are large molecules.
• Cells are the smallest living unit of the body and the study of cells is known as cytology.
• Cells together form tissues, which are groupings of like cells working together, and the study of tissues is known as Histology.
• Organs are structures composed of several different tissues performing a particular function, and the study of organs is known as Organology.
• Body systems are groups of organs which together perform an overall function, and all body systems together form the human body.
• Integumentary system includes the skin, tissues, sweat & oil glands, nails, and hair.
• Types of bone cells include osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and these cells perform different functions.
• Thoracic area consists of ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, costal cartilages, and true ribs are directly attached to the sternum.
• The cranium and facial bones are two sets of bones.
• The functions of paranasal sinuses include lightening the skull and giving resonance and amplification to voice.
• There are 8 sutures in the cranium.
• Long bones, short bones, and flat bones are different types of bones.
• Bones are joined by sutures.
• Epiphysis is the growing end and diaphysis is the shaft of a bone.
• The repair of bone fractures involves inflammation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation, and bone remodeling.
• Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint.
• The cranium encases the brain, provides attachments for muscles, and contains sinuses.
• Fibrous joints connect bones without allowing any movement, cartilaginous joints allow for only a little movement, and synovial joints allow for much more movement.
• The hyoid bone is the only bone that does not articulate with another bone and serves as a moveable base for the tongue.
• Cavities between bones in synovial joints are filled with synovial fluid which helps lubricate and protect the bones.
• Scapula, sternum, and pelvis are examples of blank bones.
• Bones make movement possible through articulation, which is the manner in which the parts come together at a joint.
• Periosteum is the outside covering of a bone, medullary is the inner space containing bone marrow, and endosteum is the lining of the medullary cavity.
• The facial bones consist of 13 sutured bones and 1 mandible.
• Paranasal sinuses are hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity.
• The vertebral column consists of vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs, each vertebrae is given a name according to its location, and the spine has a normal curvature.
• Skeletal system includes bones, joints, cartilages.
• Muscular system includes all muscles.
• Lymphatic system includes the spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, and cells that carry out immune responses.
• Endocrine system includes hormone producing glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary, and pineal gland.
• Nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.
• Cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels.
• Respiratory system includes the lungs and organs through which air passes.
• Digestive system includes the esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, and accessory organs like the liver, pancreas, and salivary glands.
• The muscular system functions include body movement, maintenance of posture & muscle tone, respiration, communication, constrictions of organs and vessels, heart beat, thermogenesis, and protects the bones and internal organs.
• Contractility is the ability of a muscle to shorten and generate pulling force.
• Muscles can be structurally striated, which have stripes across the fiber, or smooth, which have no striations.
• Elasticity is the ability of a muscle to recoil to its original resting length after being stretched.
• Excitability is the capacity of a muscle to respond to a stimulus.