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• What are the elements of microbial structure?

  Cytoplasm, ribosomes, and cell wall
• How is DNA arranged in prokaryotic cells?

  In a circular molecule called chromosomes
• What is the mass of DNA in prokaryotic cells called?

  Nucleoid
• How is DNA arranged in eukaryotic cells?

  In linear molecules within the nucleus
• What do all cells require for energy?

  An energy source and a metabolic strategy
• What are the classifications of metabolic diversity in microbes?

  • Chemoorganotrophs
  • Chemolithotrophs
  • Heterotrophs
  • Autotrophs
• Who developed the taxonomic system for naming organisms?

  Carolus Linnaeus
• What are taxonomic ranks used for?

  To organize information about organisms
• What is binomial nomenclature?

  A system for naming species
• What categories did Leeuwenhoek group microorganisms into?

  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • Algae
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Small animals
• What are the three domains of life according to Carl Woese?

  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya
• What characterizes Archaea?

  Single-celled organisms without nuclei
• What are extremophiles?

  Archaea living in harsh environments
• What distinguishes Bacteria from Archaea?

  Different groups of single-celled organisms
• What defines Eukarya?

  Organisms with cells that have nuclei
• What are viruses considered in terms of cellular life?

  Not independently living cellular organisms
• What do viruses depend on to multiply?

  The infected cell’s machinery
• What are the characteristics of fungi?

  • Eukaryotic with membrane-bound nucleus
  • Obtain food from other organisms
  • Possess cell walls
  • Molds (multicellular) and yeasts (unicellular)
• How do molds reproduce?

  By sexual and asexual spores
• How do yeasts reproduce?

  Asexually by budding
• What are the characteristics of protozoa?

  • Single-celled eukaryotes
  • Similar to animals in nutrient needs
  • Capable of locomotion
  • Asexual and sexual reproduction
• What are the characteristics of algae?

  • Unicellular or multicellular
  • Photosynthetic
  • Simple reproductive structures
  • Categorized by pigmentation and cell wall composition
• What defines Monera?

  • Unicellular and lack nuclei
  • Much smaller than eukaryotes
  • Found in various environments
  • Reproduce asexually
• What is taxonomy?

  Classifying living things
• What is identification in microbiology?

  Discovering and recording traits of organisms
• What are the five kingdoms in traditional classification?

  • Prokaryotae (Monera)
  • Protista
  • Fungae
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
• What is the basis of the Woese-Fox classification?

  • Three Super Kingdoms:
  • Eubacteria
  • Archaeabacteria
  • Eukarya
  • Based on rRNA
• What is the binomial system of nomenclature?

  Generic name followed by species name
• How is the generic part of a species name formatted?

  Capitalized
• How is the species part of a species name formatted?

  Lowercase
• What did Robert Hooke use to study microbes?

  A compound microscope
• What did Robert Hooke publish?

  Micrographia
• Who was the first to see bacteria?

  Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
• What did Ferdinand Cohn describe?

  The life cycle of Bacillus
• What did Redi's experiments demonstrate?

  Spontaneous generation does not occur
• What did Pasteur's swan-necked flask experiment show?

  No microbial growth without exposure to air
• What theory did Pasteur develop?

  Germ theory of disease
• What did Robert Koch study?

  Causative agents of disease
• What are Koch's postulates?

  Criteria for establishing disease causation
• What is microbiology?

  • Study of small life
  • Focuses on microorganisms or microbes