science

• Neurons are specialized cells that make up nerves and transmit electrical signals throughout the body.
• Nerves carry messages between different parts of the body using electrical impulses.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - highway of the cell that move materials to other parts of the cell
• Golgi Bodies - packages proteins into vesicles, which can be transported out of the cell or used within it
• Lysosomes - contain enzymes that break down waste products inside the cell
• Mitochondria - produce energy through chemical reactions
• Ribosome - site of protein synthesis
• Vacuole - stores water, nutrients, and wastes
• Cytoplasm - fluid-like substance where chemical reactions take place
• Cell membrane - controls what enters and exits the cell
• Chloroplasts are organelles found only in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs.
• Plant cells have chloroplasts which are responsible for photosynthesis.
• The Chromosomes is an organelle that contains genetic material (DNA) and directs cellular activities.
• Plant cells have chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll to capture sunlight.
• Centrosome - contains a pair of centrioles, replicates itself before a cell divides
• Cell Wall - A rigid structure that surrounds the cell and provides support and protection. NOT in Animal Cells
• Plastids - contain chloroplasts, Chromoplasts, and Leucoplasts that are found in the cytoplasm of plant cells
• Golgi bodies - flattened sacs that serves as the packaging and distribution cell
• Peroxisomes - digest fatty acids, and absorbs nutrients
• Nucleolus - RNA to build protein, also stores waste producs
• Vacuole - stores food or nutrients a cell need to survive. also stores waste products so the cell could be protected from contamination
• The earliest microscopes were known as “flea glasses” because they were used to study small insects.
• A father-son duo, Zacharias and Han Jansen, created the first compound microscope.
• Galileo Galilei perfected the principle of the microscope.
• Robert Hooke discovered cells by studying the honeycomb structure of a cork under a microscope.
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek created powerful lenses that could see teeming bacteria in a drop of water.
• Joseph Jackson Lister fixed spherical and chromatic aberrations of lenses.
• Ernst Abbe’s mathematical formula called the “Abbe Sine Condition” provided calculations that allowed for the maximum resolution in microscopes possible.
• Richard Zsigmondy developed the ultra-microscope that could study objects below the wavelength of light.
• Parts and Function of a Microscope support the microscope.
• Parts and Function of a Microscope controls the amount of light that passes through the specimen.
• Frits Zernike invented the phase-contrast microscope that allowed for the study of colorless and transparent biological materials.
• In the 19th century, companies in Germany like Zeiss and an American company founded by Charles Spencer began producing fine optical microscopes.
• A microscope comes from the Ancient Greek micros meaning “small” and skopein, which means “to look”, is a tool which can help you see tiny objects and living organisms.
• A microscope is a precision instrument and one of the primary tools used by biologists conducting biological research and studying objects, organisms, or parts or organisms that are invisible or slightly visible to the naked eye.
• Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using such an instrument.
• A light source that provides light for the specimen is called the mirror.
• The total magnification of the compound light microscope is calculated by multiplying the magnification power of the ocular lens by the power of the objective lens.
• The low-power objectives (LPO) are marked 10x or 12x.
• The part connecting the base and to the head and the eyepiece tube to the base of the microscope is called the arm.