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• PSII is from water, PSI is from electron transport chain.
• Cellular processes include transportation, mechanical, and chemical (metabolism).
• Metabolism is the total of chemical reactions within a cell.
• Bioenergetics is the study of energy flow through a living organism.
• Catabolism is the process that converts complex substances into simple ones, such as in cellular respiration.
• Anabolism is the process that synthesizes simple substances into complex ones, such as in photosynthesis.
• The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.
• The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of any isolated system always increases, meaning more chaos equals more energy.
• The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
• Energy is the ability to do work.
• Kinetic energy is energy in motion.
• Potential energy is energy at rest.
• Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is energy available to do work.
• Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to happen, which can be lowered by enzymes.
• There are two types of energy: exergonic, which is catabolic and larger to smaller, and endergonic, which is anabolic and synthesizes small pieces to large.
• ATP, or Adenosine triphosphate, is the energy currency of the cell and is key to energy coupling.
• ATP is quite unstable in its normal state, with the bond between the second and third phosphate group being not that strong and also the reason for its instability.
• When ATP is hydrolyzed, the third phosphate group breaks off, turning ATP into ADP, which stands for adenosine diphosphate.
• Exergonic processes or reactions use ATP.
• Light, in the form of electromagnetic radiation, can be harnessed to power photosynthesis.
• Chromatography is a separation technique that identifies various components of mixtures based on differences in structure and/or composition.
• Photosynthesis is a process that converts light into chemical energy.
• All photosynthetic plants, algae, and cyanobacteria contain chlorophyll a, whereas only plants and green algae contain chlorophyll b, along with a few types of cyanobacteria.
• Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b are found in higher plants.
• Green plants' chlorophylls absorb mostly red and blue wavelengths, while reflecting green.
• The primary electron acceptor is where the passing of energy stops.
• The main differences between Photosystem II, psII, and Photosystem I, psI, are the special pairs, the primary acceptor, and the source of electron.
• Carotenoids absorb violet and blue green light and can capture more energy from sunlight.
• When a pigment absorbs a photon, it is raised to an excited state which is passed to its neighboring pigment.
• The food-making process in plants begins with the absorption of light by specialized organic molecules, called pigments, particularly chlorophyll.
• Phytochrome can detect light that can act as a trigger or a switch and absorbs a different range of wavelengths alongside what chlorophyll a can absorb, capturing more energy from sunlight.
• Resonance energy transfer is a process where the excited state of one pigment is passed to its neighboring pigment, and this process is repeated until it reaches the central part of the photosystem - Reaction center.
• Instead, plants have different pigments that can absorb specific wavelengths while reflecting others.
• Each photosystem has light-harvesting complexes containing protein and other pigments.
• Photosystem II, psII, comes first in the path of electron flow, but it is named as second because it was discovered after Photosystem I, psI.
• Chlorophyll c and Chlorophyll d are found in sea.
• The light of the sun possesses all of the wavelengths but not every color are absorbed by the plant.
• Flavonoids, particularly anthocyanins, absorb a different range of wavelengths alongside what chlorophyll a can absorb, capturing more energy from sunlight.
• Bacteriochlorophyll is found in prokaryotes.