MAPEH

• • Sonata it came from the words Sonare  which means to make a sound “to make a sound”. Sonata is a musical composition composed of multi-movement for solo instruments or small instrumental ensemble.
• • Allegro - fast movement 
  • Andante - slow movement 
  • Minuet - it is three-four time and in moderate or fast tempo 
• Sonata Allegro Form the most important musical structure that was developed during the classical era
• Exposition - the first part of the composition in sonata for that introduces the theme
• Development - the middle part of the sonata-allegro form where themes are being developed. It explores the harmonic and textural possibilities of the thematic material
• Recapitulation - repeats the theme as it first emerged in the opening exposition
• Concerto - composed of multi-movement work and it is made for an instrumental soloist and orchestra. This classical form of music is  intended primarily to emphasize the individuality of the solo instruments and to exhibit the virtuosity and interpretative abilities of the performer 
• Symphony - derived from the word sinfonia  which literally means “a harmonious sounding together”. It is an elaborate musical composition for the whole orchestra with generally four movements.
• Classical Opera - opera is an art form in which musicians and singers perform a dramatic theatrical setting.
• The Opera Seria  (serious opera) - this usually implies heroic or tragic drama that employs mythological characters.
• The Opera Buffa  (comic opera) - this is from Italy. Comic opera made use of everyday characters and situations, and typically employed spoken dialogues, lengthy arias and was spiced with sight gags, naughty humor and social satire. 
• The classical era is the period from 1750-1820 and is also known as the “Age of  Reason”. During that day, the cultural life was dominated by the aristocracy, as patrons of musicians and artists who have commonly influenced the arts. The music of this period was generally of an orderly nature with qualities of clarity and balance, and emphasizing formal beauty rather than emotional expression. 
• In the middle of the 18th century, Europe began a new style in architecture, literature, and the arts. This is known as Classism. This pushed changes in the economics, order and in social structure. The instrumental music was patronized primarily by the nobility. 
• The principles and characteristics of ancient Greece and Roman literature and art which were formal, elegant, simple, freed and dignified signify the term “Classical”
• Franz Joseph Haydn - His life was described in a “rags-to-riches” story. He was hired by rich patrons and eventually became a musical director for the Esterhazy family for 30 years. His personality reflects in his music; calm, balanced, serious but with a touch of sense of humor. Haydn was named “Father of  the Symphony” and “Father of String Quartet” because of his great contributions to these genres. 
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - He is widely recognized as the most amazing genius in musical history. He created more than 700 compositions. Due to mismanaged finances, Mozart lived his life in poverty and died young and was buried in an unknown grave.
• Ludwig Van Beethoven - He is the predominant composer who bridged the late Classical era and the early Romantic era. He is a brilliant pianist and composer. At the age of 30 years old, Beethoven started going deaf. Although he could no longer hear well enough to play the piano, this did not become a hindrance and he  continued composing with the help of an assistant and hearing gadget. 
• The strings - the method of playing the instruments are plucking the strings with fingers or a plectrum.
• The woodwinds - composed of tubes that have openings on one end and a mouthpiece at the other. The keys are rows of holes covered by metal caps. The sound change happens depending on the air leaving the instrument.
• The percussion - produces sounds by hitting, shaking or scraping. 
• The Brass - it is composed of long tubes which widen towards the end to form a bell-like shape. The instruments produce sounds through blowing the mouthpiece, thereby causing air to vibrate against the inner border of the instrument. 
• Renaissance Period (1400-1600)

  • Means rebirth
  • Florence, Italy
  • Period of economic progress 
  • An era of great intellectual and artistic achievement with the birth of secular art 
  • Focus was on realistic and humanistic art
• Mona Lisa (Leonardo da Vinci) - also called the Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo. It’s a painting of a woman in a half-body portrait and a backdrop of a distant landscape. 

  • Mona - polite form of address, originates as Madonna similar to My Lady, Ma’am 
• La Pieta (Michaelangelo Bounarroti) - It is made from Carrara marble. A famous work of art that depicts the body of Jesus on the lap of his mother, Mary after crucifixion.
• Baroque Period (1600-1800) 

  • Barocco - “irregularly shaped pearl or stone” 
  • A period of artistic styles in exaggerated motion, drama, tension, and grandeur
  • Reflects the tensions of the age by the Catholic church in Rome 
• Portrait of Helene Fourment (Peter Paul Ruben) - a portrait of her second wife, Helene Fourment
• Ecstasy of St. Teresa (Gian Lorenzo Bernini) - It is set in an elevated aedicule in Cornaro Chapel, Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome. It is made from white marble. 

  • Lines: ray of light effect 
  • Bel composto: beautiful whole 
• Michelangelo di Lodovico Bounarroti Simoni 

  • An Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet and considered the greatest living artist in his lifetime 
  • Pieta, Bacchus, Moses, David, Dying Slave, Dawn and Dusk 
• Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (Raphael) 

  • An Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance Period 
  • Clarity of form and ease of composition and for its visual achievement for interpreting the Divine and incorporating Christian doctrines where his work was admired for 
  • The Sistine Madonna, The School of Athens, and The Transfiguration 
• Leonardo di ser Piero Da Vinci 

  • A painter, architect, scientist, and mathematician
  • Known as the “Renaissance man” due to his talent, intellect, interest, and his expression of humanist and classical values 
  • The Last Supper (the most reproduced religious painting of all time), Mona Lisa (the most famous and most parodied portrait
• Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi (Donatello)

  • An early Renaissance Italian sculptor from Florence and one of the Italian greatest artists of the period 
  • Known from his bas-relief work, a form of shallow relief sculpture 
  • David, State of St. George, Equestrian Monument of Gattamelata, Prophet Habacuc, and The Feast of Herod 
• Michelangelo Merisi or Amerighi da Caravaggio

  • An Italian artist who wanted to deviate from the classical masters of the Renaissance 
  • His own actions and the lack of modesty and reverence for religious subjects in his own paintings made him an outcast in his society 
  • His models were either himself or young persons who have an air of being promising but wicked
• Peter Paul Rubens 

  • A Flemish Baroque painter 
  • Paintings of mythical and figurative subjects, landscapes, portraits, and Counter-Reformation altarpieces where he is well known for 
  • Samson and Delilah, Landscape with a Tower, Portrait of Helene Fourment, and the Three Graces 
• Gian Lorenzo Bernini 

  • The first Baroque Italian artist 
  • The last in the list of the dazzling universal geniuses and a prodigy 
  • Skillful in painting, sculpture, architecture, and stage design 
  • The famous “Ecstasy of St. Teresa and the Colonnade of the Piazza of St. Peter’s Rome were his greatest achievements
• Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn 

  • A brilliant Dutch realist, painter, and etcher 
  • In European art, he was considered as one of the greatest painters and printmakers 
  • He shares with Rubens the revolution which painting came to depict the more personal aspects of the painter; his own home and family 
  • “Self portrait in Old Age”
• Diego Velasquez 

  • An artist from Spain 
  • One of the finest Master of Composition and one of the most important painters of the Spanish Golden Age 
  • Come out with solutions to pictorial problems of design that transcend the style of any period 
  • The Surrender of Breda, Las Meninas (The maids of honor), Los Barachos (The Drinker), and Maria Theresa 
• La Pieta - a Christian art subject that depicts Mary’s sorrow contemplating the dead body of Jesus her son which she holds on her lap. Came from the Italian word “pity” and the Latin word 

  “piety” which means heartrending or compassion. An important Renaissance work that balances the ideals of classical beauty with naturalism  
• Last Supper - the first real example of Italian’s High Renaissance aesthetic masterpiece and one of the popular works of Christian art. Illustrates the last days of Jesus Christ scene that commemorates Jesus life and legacy. An exceptionally complex work that uses mathematical symbolism. 
• • The Ecstasy of St. Teresa one of the sculptural masterpieces of the High Roman Baroque that depicts an episode of religious ecstasy in the life of the cloistered Spanish mystic and Carmelite nun, Teresa of Ávila. Regarded as one of the most important examples of a Christian art intense work. A key artwork that sets Bernini as one of the greatest sculptors in the history of art. 
• • Conversion of St. Paul an Italian Baroque painting which is also known as The Conversion on the Way to Damascus. Made by Michelangelo Caravaggio or Michelangelo Merisi in 1601 which was commissioned for the Cerasi Chapel. A style of an odd blend of Raphael and clumsy rustic realism.