Normality is defined as the number of replaceable hydrogen ions in a solute.
In Clinical Chemistry, the solute is the analyte.
The solvent in plasma is water.
A solution is defined as the solute and solvent.
Osmolality can be used to measure concentration of blood plasma and urine; also measures osmolality.
Freezing point depression is the phenomenon where a solute with a lower freezing point can lower the freezing point of a solvent with a higher freezing point.
osmotic pressure will only push water so far before gravity overpowers it and pushes water back to the more concentrated side - this concept is called hydrostatic pressure
Osmotic pressure is the pressure at which water will move to a more concentrated side.
Common buffers include carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer (in body); phosphate buffers.
Common dessicants include silica gel, calcium chloride.
Hygroscopic is a chemical that absorbs water from atmosphere.
Hydrate is a compound with water in its crystal form.
Anhydrate is a compound in which water has been removed.
Water is the most commonly used substance in the lab.
Filtered medium allows water to go through, not impurities; will not remove dissolved substances.
In filtration, what determines what impurities get through is pore size.
Pure water is completely resistant to electricity (no conduction of electrons).