Grade 10 Bio

• phloem


  Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances through a plant
• xylem


  vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant
• meristem cells


  Undifferentiated plant stem cells capable of rapid cell division.
• sprain


  stretched muscle and tendons
• strain

  stretched ligament
• breaks


  fractures or broken bones
• ligamnets

  Connect bone to bone
• tendons


  muscle to bone
• cardiac muscle


  an inbetween of smooth and skeletal muscles, controlled by nervous system.
• skeletal muscle


  most abundant, produces movement, cylindrical alternating dark and light pattern, fibers create bundles that form muscles.

  
• how do the digestive, respiratory, and circulatory system connect

  Respiratory system brings in O2, circulatory system brings cell waste (CO2) to the respiratory system to dispose of it through gas exchange, and exhalation. This is when blood receives oxygen, and the circulatory system bring oxygen to digestive system to function, and it also carries waste to be disposed of through the respiratory system.
• duodenum


  The first part of the small intestine, where most digestion occurs.
• large intestine


  The last section of the digestive system, where water and salts is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body
• small intestine


  Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place. absorption of mainly nutrients. 20 meters long.
• Nervous tissue


  sensory, communication, coordination ex. brain, spinal cord, nerves

  
• epithelial tissue


  protection ex.skin, organ lining

  
• muscle tissue


  movement ex. smooth, skeletal, amd cardiac muscle.

  
• connective tissue


  support, insulation, ex,bones tendons

  
• Central Nervous System (CNS)


  Consists of the brain and spinal cord, and controls thoughts, movements, and sensations.
• peripheral nervous system


  consists of all nerves, transmits sensory and motor neurons to the muscles for movement.somatic:voluntary movementautonomic:involantary movement
• spinal cord


  communication highway between brain and rest of body, controls many of the bodies functions-bundle of nerves.
• motor neurons


  control movement by sending signals from brain to muscles.
• sensory neurons


  receive info from sensory organs, send signals to brain to allow us to experience sensation.
• neurons


  specialized cells, basic unit of nervous system
• Functions of the nervous system

  input, interpretation, response

  
• Functions of respiratory system

  turn nutrients from food into energy, dispose of waste, and CO2 from the body.
• Air flow in respiratory system

  nasal cavity-pharynx-larynx-epiglottis opens-trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-alveoli

  
• cellular respiration

  glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + ATP energy
• Hierarchy of life

  organelles-cells-specialized cells-tissues-organs-organ systems-organisms
• Blood flow in the heart

  Blood enters through big veins (superior/inferior vena cava) then enters the right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, alveoli, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, rest of body.
• Gas exchange

  Capillaries surround the alveoli located at the bottom of the bronchi. Alveoili are tiny air sacs where oxygen that is inhaled, and deoxygenized blood meet and swap gasses. Blood becomes oxygen-rich and is taken back to the heart and pumped to the rest of the body. The CO2 from the blood is then disposed of when chest muscles like the diaphragm relax during exhalation.
• capillaries


  smallest blood vessel, one cell thick that connect veins and capillaries and bring blood in close contact with organs and tissues., lets materials pass through
• Veins


  bring blood towards the heart-contain valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
• arteries


  carry oxygenated blood away from the heart-thickest
• White Blood cell


  A blood cell that fights disease.
• red blood cell


  carry oxygen, contain hemoglobin
• plasma


  Liquid part of blood
• platelets

  blood clotting
• Functions of the circulatory system

  blood vessels carry blood away, and toward the heart, delivers needed materials to the cell, regulates body temp, fights infections.
• Factors that affect cell specialization

  Contents of cytoplasm- organelles within cytoplasm determine its function. Environment- Things like temperature affect the way genes are expressed. Neighboring Cells- Greatest influence, substances produced by one cell can enter through the cell membranes of nearby cells.