4.2.2 Classification and evolution

• What are the three main types of classification systems?

  Artificial, natural, phylogenetic
• The binomial nomenclature system was developed by Carl Linnaeus
• Hierarchical classification systems organize organisms into nested groups based on shared relationships
• The genus of humans is *Homo*.

  True
• Natural classification systems organize organisms based on observable characteristics only.

  False
• Phylogenetic classification uses evolutionary history and genetic data
• One key advantage of phylogenetic classification is that it reflects true evolutionary connections
• Classification systems help organize and identify the vast diversity of life
• Artificial classification systems reflect evolutionary relationships.

  False
• Modern classification emphasizes evolutionary relationships using molecular evidence.


  True
• Arrange the levels of the Linnaean taxonomy from broadest to most specific:

  1️⃣ Domain

  2️⃣ Kingdom

  3️⃣ Phylum

  4️⃣ Class

  5️⃣ Order

  6️⃣ Family

  7️⃣ Genus

  8️⃣ Species
• The species of humans is *Homo sapiens
• Binomial nomenclature uses a standardized naming convention for organisms.


  True
• Phylogenetic classifications can be updated with new evidence.

  True
• What is the primary basis of phylogenetic classification?

  Evolutionary history and genetic data
• Phylogenetic classification allows for more accurate predictions about undiscovered species.

  True
• What does phylogenetic classification focus on to organize biodiversity?

  Evolutionary history and genetic similarities
• Using multiple sources of evidence in phylogenetic classification increases its reliability.

  True
• Match the classification type with its basis:

  Artificial ↔️ Observable characteristics

  Natural ↔️ Shared anatomical traits

  Phylogenetic ↔️ Evolutionary history
• The most specific level in the Linnaean taxonomy is the species
• Domain Eukarya is the highest level in the Linnaean taxonomy.


  True
• Hierarchical classification systems organize organisms into nested groups from broad to specific
• What is the binomial name for humans?

  Homo sapiens
• Phylogenetic classification can incorporate new genetic evidence to update classifications


  True
• One advantage of phylogenetic classification is that it reflects true evolutionary connections
• Steps involved in creating a phylogenetic tree

  1️⃣ Molecular analysis

  2️⃣ Cladistics

  3️⃣ Fossil evidence
• Cladistics in phylogenetic classification groups organisms based on shared derived characteristics
• Match the type of structure with its evolutionary basis:

  Homologous structures ↔️ Common ancestry

  Analogous structures ↔️ Convergent evolution
• Adaptive radiation often leads to the development of analogous structures
• Match the technique with its description:

  Molecular analysis ↔️ Compares DNA/RNA sequences

  Cladistics ↔️ Groups organisms by synapomorphies

  Fossil evidence ↔️ Uses geological record
• Molecular analysis uses DNA and RNA sequences to infer evolutionary relationships
• Arrange the Linnaean taxonomy levels from broadest to most specific:

  1️⃣ Domain

  2️⃣ Kingdom

  3️⃣ Phylum

  4️⃣ Class

  5️⃣ Order

  6️⃣ Family

  7️⃣ Genus

  8️⃣ Species
• Who developed binomial nomenclature?

  Carl Linnaeus
• What does the hierarchical structure of classification systems aim to understand?

  Evolutionary relationships
• Binomial nomenclature uses the genus and species names to identify organisms unambiguously


  True
• Phylogenetic classification provides a more comprehensive understanding of species relationships compared to artificial or natural
• Which molecular technique is used in phylogenetic classification to infer evolutionary relationships?

  Molecular analysis
• What does molecular analysis in phylogenetic classification reveal about organisms?

  Genetic differences
• Fossil evidence in phylogenetic classification provides a timeline for evolutionary events


  True
• What is an example of a homologous structure in tetrapods?

  Bones in limbs