4.1.2 Plant defences against pathogens

• What are physical barriers in plants designed to prevent?

  Pathogen entry
• The cell wall is a key physical barrier in plants.


  True
• What are PAMPs detected by in PAMP-Triggered Immunity (PTI)?

  PRRs
• What is the function of the cuticle in plants?

  Prevents pathogen entry
• Match the chemical barrier with its function:

  Phytoalexins ↔️ Inhibit pathogen growth

  Protease inhibitors ↔️ Block digestive enzymes
• What is the primary role of the cell wall in plants?

  Structural support
• Match the type of plant defense with its description:

  Inducible Defenses ↔️ Activated by pathogen attack

  Constitutive Defenses ↔️ Always present in the plant
• PAMP-Triggered Immunity (PTI) activates defense responses upon detection of PAMPs.


  True
• The epidermis is the outer layer of cells covering the plant
• Cell walls are made of cellulose and provide physical protection to plant cells.


  True
• What are examples of inducible defenses in plants?

  Phytoalexins and protease inhibitors
• Steps in the activation of defense responses in plants:

  1️⃣ Pathogen Recognition

  2️⃣ Signal Transduction

  3️⃣ Defense Response Activation

  4️⃣ Hypersensitive Response (HR)
• Chemical barriers in plants include compounds such as phytoalexins and protease inhibitors
• Steps in the process of disease resistance in plants

  1️⃣ Pathogen attack

  2️⃣ Activation of defense responses

  3️⃣ Production of antimicrobial compounds

  4️⃣ Neutralization of pathogens
• The epidermis is a physical barrier in plants that protects against water loss.


  True
• Cell walls are rigid structures made of cellulose
• Chemical barriers in plants neutralize pathogens that penetrate physical barriers.


  True
• The cell wall provides physical protection against pathogens trying to enter the plant tissue
• What type of protein detects pathogen effectors in Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI)?

  R proteins
• What does PAMP-Triggered Immunity (PTI) detect in plants?

  Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
• What is the function of the cuticle in plants?

  Prevents pathogen entry
• The cell wall is a rigid layer made of cellulose
• Constitutive defenses are activated only in response to pathogen attack.

  False
• Which physical barrier prevents water loss from plant leaves?

  Cuticle
• The cell wall is made of cellulose
• What are physical barriers in plants designed to prevent?

  Pathogen entry
• Cell walls are primarily made of cellulose.


  True
• Chemical barriers in plants defend against pathogens
• Match the chemical barrier with its function:

  Phytoalexins ↔️ Inhibit pathogen growth

  Phenolic compounds ↔️ Interfere with pathogen enzymes

  Protease inhibitors ↔️ Block digestive enzymes
• Phytoalexins directly inhibit pathogen growth and reproduction.


  True
• What are the two main types of defenses in plants?

  Inducible and constitutive
• Give an example of a constitutive defense in plants.

  Cuticle
• Steps involved in effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in plants

  1️⃣ Pathogen effector detected

  2️⃣ Resistance (R) protein binds to effector

  3️⃣ Hypersensitive response triggered

  4️⃣ Infected cells die
• What are the two types of immunity in plants?

  PTI and ETI
• Chemical barriers in plants work in conjunction with physical barriers to provide a multi-layered immune system.

  True
• The epidermis is the outer layer of cells that covers the plant
• What is the function of thorns on plants?

  Discourage herbivores
• Which physical barrier in plants is a waxy layer that prevents pathogen entry and water loss?

  Cuticle
• Steps involved in the production of phytoalexins in plants

  1️⃣ Pathogen attack detected

  2️⃣ Signal transduction

  3️⃣ Expression of genes for phytoalexin synthesis

  4️⃣ Phytoalexins produced
• The cell wall provides structural support and physical protection against pathogens