5.3.3 Diabetes

• What does glucagon promote in the liver when blood glucose levels are low?

  Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
• The opposing actions of insulin and glucagon maintain stable blood glucose levels


  True
• In Type 2 diabetes, the symptoms may develop gradually
• What is one long-term complication of diabetes that affects blood vessels and the heart?

  Cardiovascular disease
• Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels, also known as hyperglycemia
• The glucose homeostasis pathway involves the regulation of blood glucose levels to maintain equilibrium
• Match the type of diabetes with its key characteristics:

  Type 1 ↔️ Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells

  Type 2 ↔️ Insulin resistance and insufficient production
• Type 2 diabetes is managed through insulin injections alone.

  False
• In Type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system attacks the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas
• Insulin promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen
• Steps in the insulin release process from beta cells

  1️⃣ Glucose entry into beta cells

  2️⃣ ATP production and K+ channel closure

  3️⃣ Ca2+ influx

  4️⃣ Vesicle exocytosis of insulin
• High blood glucose levels are referred to as hyperglycemia
• People with Type 1 diabetes produce no insulin.

  True
• Type 2 diabetes often develops gradually
• Type 1 diabetes requires regular insulin injections for management.


  True
• What is the main role of insulin in regulating blood glucose levels?

  Lowers blood glucose
• Where in the pancreas are insulin-producing beta cells located?

  Islets of Langerhans
• Depolarization of beta cells leads to the opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.

  True
• What two hormones primarily regulate glucose homeostasis?

  Insulin and glucagon
• Glucagon promotes the process of glycogenolysis to increase blood glucose
• Polydipsia is caused by the body's attempt to compensate for fluid loss due to polyuria.

  True
• How do the symptoms of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes differ?

  Severity and onset
• Polyuria in diabetes is caused by the body's inability to properly utilize glucose
• Weight loss in diabetes occurs because the body breaks down fat and muscle
• Unmanaged diabetes can lead to serious long-term complications.


  True
• Diabetes can lead to kidney disease due to high blood glucose
• Diabetes increases the risk of vision problems such as cataracts and glaucoma.

  True
• What is the primary characteristic of diabetes as a metabolic disorder?

  High blood glucose levels
• What causes Type 1 diabetes?

  Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
• Type 2 diabetes is managed through diet, exercise, and sometimes medication
• Insulin decreases blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells.


  True
• The pancreas contains specialized clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans
• The depolarization of beta cells in the pancreas opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.


  True
• What happens to blood glucose levels when insulin is released?

  They decrease
• Glucagon is released when blood glucose levels are low
• Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose from the blood into cells for energy or storage as glycogen
• What is diabetes characterized by?

  High blood glucose levels
• Which organ produces and releases insulin?

  Pancreas
• The symptoms of diabetes include excessive thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue.

  True
• What is the cause of Type 1 diabetes?

  Autoimmune destruction of beta cells