1.2.1 Chromosomes

• What are chromosomes?

  Structures carrying DNA
• Chromosomes are found within the nucleus
• What is the function of the centromere in a chromosome?

  Connects sister chromatids
• Where are chromosomes located in the cell?

  Nucleus
• DNA is the genetic material that contains instructions for cell function
• Genes are segments of DNA that code for specific traits.


  True
• Match the chromosome component with its function:

  DNA Helix ↔️ Contains the genetic code

  Histones ↔️ Proteins that DNA wraps around

  Chromatin ↔️ Organized DNA-histone complexes

  Centromere ↔️ Connects sister chromatids

  Telomeres ↔️ Protective caps at DNA ends
• What is the role of histones in chromosomes?

  Organize and condense DNA
• What are the two primary components of chromosomes?

  DNA and proteins
• Histones condense DNA into a compact structure called chromatin
• Chromatin structure helps manage the vast amount of genetic material in the nucleus.


  True
• Match the characteristic with the correct chromosome type:

  Homologous Chromosomes ↔️ Similar size and shape

  Non-Homologous Chromosomes ↔️ Different size and shape
• What is the primary function of chromosomes in the cell?

  Organize and contain DNA
• DNA provides the genetic blueprint for cell function
• Chromosomes ensure accurate genetic transfer during cell division.


  True
• What is the genetic material containing instructions for building and operating the cell?

  DNA
• The DNA helix contains the genetic code
• Histones are proteins that DNA wraps around to form chromatin.

  True
• What is the organized DNA-histone complex that condenses to form the chromosome structure?

  Chromatin
• Homologous chromosomes may have different versions of the same genes
• What is an ordered display of a cell's chromosomes arranged in pairs by size and shape called?

  Karyotype
• Steps involved in creating a karyotype:

  1️⃣ Cell culture

  2️⃣ Metaphase arrest

  3️⃣ Staining

  4️⃣ Microscopy and photography

  5️⃣ Arrangement
• Karyotypes are used to diagnose conditions such as Down syndrome, which is also known as trisomy 21
• Chromosomes contain numerous genes that code for specific traits.


  True
• What is the role of the DNA helix in a chromosome?

  Contains genetic code
• DNA wraps around proteins called histones
• Chromatin is formed by organized DNA-histone complexes.


  True
• Telomeres are located at the ends of chromosomes
• Match the chromosome component with its function:

  DNA Helix ↔️ Contains genetic information

  Histones ↔️ Proteins that DNA wraps around

  Chromatin ↔️ DNA-histone complexes forming chromosome structure

  Centromere ↔️ Connects sister chromatids during cell division

  Telomeres ↔️ Protect DNA ends from damage
• What are the primary components of chromosomes?

  DNA and proteins
• Histones organize and condense DNA into chromatin
• Chromosomes manage the vast amount of genetic material within the cell nucleus.

  True
• Telomeres protect DNA from degradation
• The centromere is essential for chromosome stability during cell division.


  True
• What are the two types of chromosomes in humans?

  Autosomes and sex chromosomes
• Autosomes determine most of our traits
• Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes.


  True
• What are the sex chromosomes in males?

  XY
• Females have two X chromosomes.
• Sex chromosomes determine an individual's sex.


  True