7.5 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

• The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describes a state where the allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant
• A population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is not subject to evolutionary forces like mutation or genetic drift.


  True
• Finite population size can lead to changes in allele frequencies due to genetic drift
• Violation of any condition for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can lead to evolutionary changes in the population.


  True
• Match the Hardy-Weinberg equation with its description:

  $p +$$q =$$1$ ↔️ The sum of allele frequencies equals 1

  $p^{2} +$$2pq +$$q^{2} =$$1$ ↔️ The sum of genotype frequencies equals 1
• One condition for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is that mating must be random
• The Hardy-Weinberg equations assume no mutation, migration, or natural selection is occurring.


  True
• The equation $p^{2} +$$2pq +$$q^{2} =$$1$ is used to calculate genotype frequencies in a population at equilibrium.


  True
• The Hardy-Weinberg equations assume that evolutionary forces are acting on the population.

  False
• Random mating in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium means individuals mate based on chance
• Why is a large population size necessary for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

  To prevent genetic drift
• The frequency of the dominant allele is represented by 'p' in the Hardy-Weinberg equations.

  True
• The term '2pq' in the Hardy-Weinberg equations represents the frequency of the heterozygous genotype.
• The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium provides a baseline for detecting evolutionary changes in populations.


  True
• In the Hardy-Weinberg equations, the symbol 'p' represents the frequency of the dominant allele.
• The sum of the frequencies of the two alleles (p and q) must equal 1
• p represents the frequency of the dominant allele.
• What are the Hardy-Weinberg equations used for?

  Predict allele and genotype frequencies
• The equation $p +$$q =$$1$ states that the sum of the frequencies of the two alleles must equal 1
• Match the condition with its description:

  No mutations ↔️ New alleles are not introduced

  Random mating ↔️ Individuals mate without preference

  No gene flow ↔️ No migration into or out of the population

  Large population size ↔️ Avoids genetic drift
• What does the condition 'No gene flow' imply for a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

  No migration in or out
• What is the role of natural selection in disrupting Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

  Favors certain genotypes
• What equation is used to calculate the frequency of the heterozygous genotype?

  $2pq$
• What is genetic drift and how does it affect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

  Random changes in allele frequencies
• Steps to detect evolutionary changes using Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

  1️⃣ Compare actual allele frequencies to expected frequencies

  2️⃣ Determine if evolutionary forces are acting

  3️⃣ Analyze deviations from equilibrium
• Match the condition for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with its disruption:

  Random mating ↔️ Non-random mating

  No mutation ↔️ Mutation occurring

  No migration ↔️ Migration in/out

  Infinite population size ↔️ Finite (genetic drift)

  No natural selection ↔️ Natural selection acting
• The Hardy-Weinberg equations describe the relationship between allele frequencies and genotype frequencies
• The Hardy-Weinberg equations can calculate expected allele frequencies in a population under evolutionary forces.

  False
• A large population size is necessary to prevent genetic drift and maintain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.


  True
• The equation $p +$$q =$$1$ describes the relationship between the frequencies of two alleles
• What do the Hardy-Weinberg equations describe in a population at equilibrium?

  Allele and genotype frequencies
• The equation $p +$$q =$$1$ states that the sum of the frequencies of the two alleles (p and q) must equal 1
• What is the condition for no mutations in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

  No new alleles are introduced
• Gene flow refers to the migration of individuals into or out of a population.


  True
• Natural selection violates the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium because it favors certain genotypes
• What does the term 'p^2' represent in the Hardy-Weinberg equations?

  Frequency of homozygous dominant genotype
• Match the condition for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with its description:

  No mutation ↔️ New alleles are not introduced

  Random mating ↔️ Individuals mate by chance

  No gene flow ↔️ No migration of alleles

  Large population size ↔️ Prevents genetic drift

  No natural selection ↔️ No survival advantage
• What is the primary assumption underlying the use of the Hardy-Weinberg equations?

  The population is in equilibrium
• The symbol 'q' in the Hardy-Weinberg equations represents the frequency of the dominant allele.

  False
• What must the sum of the frequencies of the three genotypes ($p^{2}$, $2pq$, $q^{2}$) equal?


  1