7.4 Population Genetics

• What is the focus of population genetics?

  Genetic variation in populations
• The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describes a population where allele frequencies change over time.

  False
• What does 'p' represent in the Hardy-Weinberg equation p + q = 1?

  Frequency of dominant allele
• Random mating is a condition for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

  True
• What is one reason why population genetics is important for understanding evolution?

  Shapes genetic composition
• Gene flow refers to the migration of alleles between populations.


  True
• What should the mutation rate be for a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

  Negligible
• In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, individuals must mate randomly
• What is the effect of mutation on allele frequencies?

  Introduces new alleles
• Random mating ensures that individuals mate without preference for certain genotypes
• The sum of dominant (p) and recessive (q) allele frequencies is equal to 1.


  True
• What is the frequency of the heterozygous genotype (2pq) if p = 0.7 and q = 0.3?

  0.42
• Match the factor with its effect on allele frequencies:

  Mutation ↔️ Introduces new alleles

  Gene flow ↔️ Changes the gene pool

  Natural selection ↔️ Favors certain alleles

  Genetic drift ↔️ Random changes in frequencies
• Why is population genetics important for predicting population responses to environmental changes?

  Helps forecast adaptation
• In the Hardy-Weinberg equation p + q = 1
• p^2 is the frequency of the homozygous dominant
• What does the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describe?

  Stable allele frequencies
• The term p^2 in the Hardy-Weinberg equation p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 represents the homozygous dominant genotype frequency.


  True
• If p = 0.6, then p^2 equals 0.36
• Mutation is one factor that can change allele frequencies in a population.


  True
• How does mutation affect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

  Introduces new alleles
• Natural selection favors certain genotypes
• Population genetics is important because it allows us to understand the process of evolution
• Conditions required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

  1️⃣ No mutation

  2️⃣ No gene flow

  3️⃣ Random mating

  4️⃣ No natural selection

  5️⃣ Large population size
• In the equation p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1, the term 2pq represents the frequency of the heterozygous
• Match the variable with its definition:

  p ↔️ Frequency of dominant allele

  q ↔️ Frequency of recessive allele

  p^2 ↔️ Frequency of homozygous dominant genotype

  2pq ↔️ Frequency of heterozygous genotype

  q^2 ↔️ Frequency of homozygous recessive genotype
• Population genetics helps forecast how populations will adapt to changing environments
• Conditions required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, in no specific order

  1️⃣ No natural selection

  2️⃣ Large population size

  3️⃣ Random mating

  4️⃣ No gene flow

  5️⃣ No mutation
• Genetic drift is avoided when the population size is small.

  False
• Gene flow introduces new alleles into a population from other populations.

  True
• Why is a large population size important in maintaining genetic equilibrium?

  Avoids genetic drift
• If the frequency of the dominant allele (p) is 0.7, then the frequency of the recessive allele (q) is 0.3
• Steps to calculate allele and genotype frequencies using Hardy-Weinberg equations

  1️⃣ Determine the frequencies of p and q, where p + q = 1

  2️⃣ Calculate the frequency of p^2

  3️⃣ Calculate the frequency of 2pq

  4️⃣ Calculate the frequency of q^2
• Population genetics allows us to understand the process of evolution
• The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describes a population where allele frequencies change over generations.

  False
• What does the term 2pq represent in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

  Heterozygous genotype
• 2pq represents the frequency of the heterozygous genotype.


  True
• In the equation p + q = 1, p represents the frequency of the dominant allele
• Match the condition for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with its description:

  No mutation ↔️ Mutation rate is negligible

  No gene flow ↔️ No migration of alleles

  Random mating ↔️ Individuals mate randomly

  No natural selection ↔️ Equal survival and reproduction
• What does the variable 'q' represent in the Hardy-Weinberg equation p + q = 1?

  Recessive allele frequency